Friday, August 15, 2008
Wednesday, July 30, 2008
Proof that AIDS was engineered to kill primarily blacks
A genetic variant peculiar to Africans substantially raises their risk of infection with HIV, according to research that suggests evolved susceptibility may be helping to drive the continent’s Aids epidemic.
The 90 per cent of Africans who carry the DNA variation are 40 per cent more likely to contract HIV than those without it, after similar exposure to the virus, scientists from Britain and America have found.
As the genetic change is common among people of African ancestry but virtually unknown among other ethnic groups, it could explain in part why HIV-Aids is more prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The United Nations estimates that 22.5 million people there are HIV-positive, more than two thirds of the global total of approximately 33.2 million.
The variant, known as “Duffy-negative”, is so common in Africa that it could be responsible for about 11 per cent of the continent’s HIV burden, or 2.5 million cases, scientists said.
“It is an Africa-specific variant, which is why it’s so interesting in the context of Aids research,” said Robin Weiss, Professor of Infection and Immunity at University College London, a member of the study team.
“It could certainly be a contributing factor to the scale of the epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. It’s the first time, so far as we understand, that a genetic factor that increases susceptibility to infection has come into play.”
Sexual behaviour is also involved in the epidemic in Africa, the only part of the world in which it predominantly affects heterosexuals.
The Duffy-negative gene has probably spread so widely through the African population because it provides resistance to a form of malaria called Plasmodium vivax. Professor Weiss believes it may also once have increased resistance against a precursor of the most deadly malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum.
These traits would have been highly advantageous in evolutionary Africa. As HIV is a new human pathogen, thought to have jumped from chimpanzees to people between 1910 and 1950, the gene’s effect on the virus would have had no negative consequences until recently. “Something that protected against malaria in the past is now leaving the host more susceptible to HIV,” Professor Weiss said.
Matthew Dolan, of the San Antonio Military Medical Centre in Texas, said: “After thousands of years of adaptation, this Duffy variant rose to high frequency because it helped protect against malaria. Now, with another global pandemic on the scene, this same variant renders people more susceptible to HIV. It shows the complex interplay between historically important diseases and susceptibility in contemporary times.”
For the study, published in the journal Cell Host & Microbe, scientists examined a group of US Air Force personnel, of whom more than 1,200 are HIV-positive, and who have been followed for nearly 22 years. The Duffy-negative genotype was seen almost exclusively in African-Americans.
A continent cursed
— Sub-Saharan Africa is the globe’s most Aids-affected region. In 2005, 24.5 million of its people were living with HIV and of all Aids sufferers, 64 per cent live there
— In 2005, about 2.7 million people became infected with HIV and more than two million died
— More than two million children under 15 are HIV-positive and more than 90 per cent live in Africa
— About 12 million African children under 17 have lost one or both parents to Aids
— About 72 per cent of all people needing anti-retroviral treatment live in Africa, and only one in six receives the necessary medicine
— Swaziland has the highest HIV rate, at 33.4 per cent of population. Botswana has 24.1 per cent and Zimbabwe 20.1 per cent
Source: UNAids
Have your say
Good news in furthering our understanding of this disease hence a possible approach to a cure. The link between sickle cell disease among African-Americans and Afro-Caribbeans is established. Genes suitable for one environment and not so in another and so the consequences. Ignore conspiracy theories
Cheryl , Kingston, Jamaica
What Whites largely do not know is that they all have black blood. We were the first created, and from our "MIX" all the rest were created. Therefore not only Blacks are susceptible to AIDS to that degree. If it targets the Black Gene it will find it in the white man hidden away. Same goes for all .
HELEN K MAYERS, Maxwell, B'dos, W.I.
the saying that a continent that is cursed is in my terms of opinion very absurd to say ,who are you to claim that the continent of africa is cursed,this cursed continent shall one day raise from the ashes and shall claim her place in the world but i ask who you are to call the people of god cursed
source: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article4345263.ece
The 90 per cent of Africans who carry the DNA variation are 40 per cent more likely to contract HIV than those without it, after similar exposure to the virus, scientists from Britain and America have found.
As the genetic change is common among people of African ancestry but virtually unknown among other ethnic groups, it could explain in part why HIV-Aids is more prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The United Nations estimates that 22.5 million people there are HIV-positive, more than two thirds of the global total of approximately 33.2 million.
The variant, known as “Duffy-negative”, is so common in Africa that it could be responsible for about 11 per cent of the continent’s HIV burden, or 2.5 million cases, scientists said.
“It is an Africa-specific variant, which is why it’s so interesting in the context of Aids research,” said Robin Weiss, Professor of Infection and Immunity at University College London, a member of the study team.
“It could certainly be a contributing factor to the scale of the epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. It’s the first time, so far as we understand, that a genetic factor that increases susceptibility to infection has come into play.”
Sexual behaviour is also involved in the epidemic in Africa, the only part of the world in which it predominantly affects heterosexuals.
The Duffy-negative gene has probably spread so widely through the African population because it provides resistance to a form of malaria called Plasmodium vivax. Professor Weiss believes it may also once have increased resistance against a precursor of the most deadly malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum.
These traits would have been highly advantageous in evolutionary Africa. As HIV is a new human pathogen, thought to have jumped from chimpanzees to people between 1910 and 1950, the gene’s effect on the virus would have had no negative consequences until recently. “Something that protected against malaria in the past is now leaving the host more susceptible to HIV,” Professor Weiss said.
Matthew Dolan, of the San Antonio Military Medical Centre in Texas, said: “After thousands of years of adaptation, this Duffy variant rose to high frequency because it helped protect against malaria. Now, with another global pandemic on the scene, this same variant renders people more susceptible to HIV. It shows the complex interplay between historically important diseases and susceptibility in contemporary times.”
For the study, published in the journal Cell Host & Microbe, scientists examined a group of US Air Force personnel, of whom more than 1,200 are HIV-positive, and who have been followed for nearly 22 years. The Duffy-negative genotype was seen almost exclusively in African-Americans.
A continent cursed
— Sub-Saharan Africa is the globe’s most Aids-affected region. In 2005, 24.5 million of its people were living with HIV and of all Aids sufferers, 64 per cent live there
— In 2005, about 2.7 million people became infected with HIV and more than two million died
— More than two million children under 15 are HIV-positive and more than 90 per cent live in Africa
— About 12 million African children under 17 have lost one or both parents to Aids
— About 72 per cent of all people needing anti-retroviral treatment live in Africa, and only one in six receives the necessary medicine
— Swaziland has the highest HIV rate, at 33.4 per cent of population. Botswana has 24.1 per cent and Zimbabwe 20.1 per cent
Source: UNAids
Have your say
Good news in furthering our understanding of this disease hence a possible approach to a cure. The link between sickle cell disease among African-Americans and Afro-Caribbeans is established. Genes suitable for one environment and not so in another and so the consequences. Ignore conspiracy theories
Cheryl , Kingston, Jamaica
What Whites largely do not know is that they all have black blood. We were the first created, and from our "MIX" all the rest were created. Therefore not only Blacks are susceptible to AIDS to that degree. If it targets the Black Gene it will find it in the white man hidden away. Same goes for all .
HELEN K MAYERS, Maxwell, B'dos, W.I.
the saying that a continent that is cursed is in my terms of opinion very absurd to say ,who are you to claim that the continent of africa is cursed,this cursed continent shall one day raise from the ashes and shall claim her place in the world but i ask who you are to call the people of god cursed
source: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/article4345263.ece
Tuesday, July 1, 2008
Ugandians not dying fast enough. International Eugenists (Aids experts) want them to engage in casual sex
The Rev. Sam L. Ruteikara, co-chair of Uganda’s National AIDS-Prevention Committee, writes in today’s Washington Post:
But will the money allocated for AIDS stop the spread of the virus in sub-Saharan Africa, where 76 percent of the world’s HIV-AIDS deaths occurred last year?
Not if the dark dealings I’ve witnessed in Africa continue unchecked. In the fight against AIDS, profiteering has trumped prevention. AIDS is no longer simply a disease; it has become a multibillion-dollar industry.
In the late 1980s, before international experts arrived to tell us we had it all “wrong,” we in Uganda devised a practical campaign to prevent the spread of HIV. We recognized that population-wide AIDS epidemics in Africa were driven by people having sex with more than one regular partner. Therefore, we urged people to be faithful. Our campaign was called ABC (Abstain, or Be Faithful, or use Condoms), but our main message was: Stick to one partner. We promoted condoms only as a last resort.
Because we knew what to do in our country, we succeeded. The proportion of Ugandans infected with HIV plunged from 21 percent in 1991 to 6 percent in 2002. But international AIDS experts who came to Uganda said we were wrong to try to limit people’s sexual freedom. Worse, they had the financial power to force their casual-sex agendas upon us.
PEPFAR calls for Western experts to work as equal partners with African leaders on AIDS prevention. But as co-chair of Uganda’s National AIDS-Prevention Committee, I have seen this process sabotaged. Repeatedly, our 25-member prevention committee put faithfulness and abstinence into the National Strategic Plan that guides how PEPFAR money for our country will be spent. Repeatedly, foreign advisers erased our recommendations. When the document draft was published, fidelity and abstinence were missing.
He continues:
International suppliers make broad, oversimplified statements such as “You can’t change Africans’ sexual behavior.” While it’s true that you can’t change everybody, you don’t have to. If the share of men having three or more sexual partners in a year drops from 15 percent to 3 percent, as happened in Uganda between 1989 and 1995, HIV infection rates will plunge. It is that simple.
We, the poor of Africa, remain silenced in the global dialogue. Our wisdom about our own culture is ignored.
Telling men and women to keep sex sacred — to save sex for marriage and then remain faithful — is telling them to love one another deeply with their whole hearts. Most HIV infections in Africa are spread by sex outside of marriage: casual sex and infidelity. The solution is faithful love.
So hear my plea, HIV-AIDS profiteers. Let my people go. We understand that casual sex is dear to you, but staying alive is dear to us. Listen to African wisdom, and we will show you how to prevent AIDS.
But will the money allocated for AIDS stop the spread of the virus in sub-Saharan Africa, where 76 percent of the world’s HIV-AIDS deaths occurred last year?
Not if the dark dealings I’ve witnessed in Africa continue unchecked. In the fight against AIDS, profiteering has trumped prevention. AIDS is no longer simply a disease; it has become a multibillion-dollar industry.
In the late 1980s, before international experts arrived to tell us we had it all “wrong,” we in Uganda devised a practical campaign to prevent the spread of HIV. We recognized that population-wide AIDS epidemics in Africa were driven by people having sex with more than one regular partner. Therefore, we urged people to be faithful. Our campaign was called ABC (Abstain, or Be Faithful, or use Condoms), but our main message was: Stick to one partner. We promoted condoms only as a last resort.
Because we knew what to do in our country, we succeeded. The proportion of Ugandans infected with HIV plunged from 21 percent in 1991 to 6 percent in 2002. But international AIDS experts who came to Uganda said we were wrong to try to limit people’s sexual freedom. Worse, they had the financial power to force their casual-sex agendas upon us.
PEPFAR calls for Western experts to work as equal partners with African leaders on AIDS prevention. But as co-chair of Uganda’s National AIDS-Prevention Committee, I have seen this process sabotaged. Repeatedly, our 25-member prevention committee put faithfulness and abstinence into the National Strategic Plan that guides how PEPFAR money for our country will be spent. Repeatedly, foreign advisers erased our recommendations. When the document draft was published, fidelity and abstinence were missing.
He continues:
International suppliers make broad, oversimplified statements such as “You can’t change Africans’ sexual behavior.” While it’s true that you can’t change everybody, you don’t have to. If the share of men having three or more sexual partners in a year drops from 15 percent to 3 percent, as happened in Uganda between 1989 and 1995, HIV infection rates will plunge. It is that simple.
We, the poor of Africa, remain silenced in the global dialogue. Our wisdom about our own culture is ignored.
Telling men and women to keep sex sacred — to save sex for marriage and then remain faithful — is telling them to love one another deeply with their whole hearts. Most HIV infections in Africa are spread by sex outside of marriage: casual sex and infidelity. The solution is faithful love.
So hear my plea, HIV-AIDS profiteers. Let my people go. We understand that casual sex is dear to you, but staying alive is dear to us. Listen to African wisdom, and we will show you how to prevent AIDS.
Wednesday, March 12, 2008
AIDS HIV BAYER CORPORATION HEMOPHELIA TAINTED BLOOD SUPPLY
This has been long forgotten and no one is America was prosecuted. Eugenics in action!
Monday, February 4, 2008
Dr. David James preview - conscious media network
British doctor David James talks about Esmog and the ETAScan. For the full interview go to http://www.consciousmedianetwork.com/
Tuesday, January 22, 2008
Why we should not trust the health market.
By Giorgio Vitali, MD, Rome
In order to get an idea of what happens in the “research” it is necessary to briefly describe the organization of one of the crucial aspects of “science”, especially “medicine”: the publication of articles, through which the discoveries and outcomes of experiments are made known. Thanks to qualified magazines such as: The lancet, The British Medical Journal, New England Journal of medicine, JAMA, to quote just a few of the most authoritative, the doctors of the whole world are informed on the most innovative results of medicine and pharmacology.
The publication however has also another vital role for science: “it represents the most critical test for a scientific theory or a datum, which are submitted to the judgement of the final court: the scientific community and public, as explained by prof. P.Duesberg, professor of Molecular Biology at the University of California, AIDS expert of world wide fame.
Who has the task of establishing whether or not a work is worth publishing? The evaluation is made within the so-called "peer-review process". This process provides that the articles submitted to a magazine are examined by some "referees", that is experts of a particular medical division, to whom the magazine director asks to evaluate the quality, scientifical accuracy and originality of the works. Basically they give their technical opinion based on which the director decides to publish the article or not.
In order to ensure transparency and objectivity of the judgements, the authors of the articles should not know the names of the referees and viceversa. This is how it should be. As a matter of fact, says DUESBERG, the peer-review is a form of CENSORSHIP with some ambiguous aspects. Positive, when scientists who do not have a conflict of interests (very few, admittedly) may eliminate publications based on non scientific evidences or suppositions already refuted. Negative because the scientific ideology uses the peer-review mainly to eliminate those innovations which threaten the orthodoxy’s suppositions and investments.
Duesberg speaks from experience: considered a luminary in point of AIDS and Cancer, having isolated the first gene considered responsible for inducing cancers and having mapped the retroviruses’ genetic structure, (which brought him in 1986 to be elected in the most important American scientific association, the National Academy of Science) Duesberg has jeopardized a very promising profession by opposing what he calls the " Hiv dogma", that is the most credited theory on the causes of AIDS, according to which it is the Hiv retrovirus that induces immunodeficiency.
According to Duesberg there is no scientifically ascertained link between the virus and the desease and anti-retrovirus drugs not only are useless, but in some cases they accelerate the DEATH of patients, as it is the case of AZT by GLAXO.
And this is not everything. Writes Flavia Bruno, from “Centro Studi comunicazione sul farmaco, Facoltà di farmacia, Università di Milano, " In a society living out of deep complexities such as ours, the lack of scientific knowledge leads (or should lead) to a principle of caution, based on which one should not delay effective measures to prevent serious damages and the possible consequences on collective health”. But this is an illusion. Not only the falsity of almost all scientific publications has been proven, but if this is valid for the habitual readers of scientific magazines, what should we say of the large majority of the Italians graduated in medicine who DO NOT READ ANYTHING AT ALL?
To what, to whom do they believe? The answer is obvious: to the shabbiest publications provided by the Industry. And it is absolutely useless to talk about the PRINCIPLE OF CAUTION formulated by the European Community two years ago, since in Italy, not only it is unkown, but it is not applicable either, inasmuch our country has not yet acknowledged the relevant Directive in question. And in case it was acknowledged, it would be a huge worry to succeed in obliging the relevant public entities to apply it within the medical context.
In order to get an idea of what happens in the “research” it is necessary to briefly describe the organization of one of the crucial aspects of “science”, especially “medicine”: the publication of articles, through which the discoveries and outcomes of experiments are made known. Thanks to qualified magazines such as: The lancet, The British Medical Journal, New England Journal of medicine, JAMA, to quote just a few of the most authoritative, the doctors of the whole world are informed on the most innovative results of medicine and pharmacology.
The publication however has also another vital role for science: “it represents the most critical test for a scientific theory or a datum, which are submitted to the judgement of the final court: the scientific community and public, as explained by prof. P.Duesberg, professor of Molecular Biology at the University of California, AIDS expert of world wide fame.
Who has the task of establishing whether or not a work is worth publishing? The evaluation is made within the so-called "peer-review process". This process provides that the articles submitted to a magazine are examined by some "referees", that is experts of a particular medical division, to whom the magazine director asks to evaluate the quality, scientifical accuracy and originality of the works. Basically they give their technical opinion based on which the director decides to publish the article or not.
In order to ensure transparency and objectivity of the judgements, the authors of the articles should not know the names of the referees and viceversa. This is how it should be. As a matter of fact, says DUESBERG, the peer-review is a form of CENSORSHIP with some ambiguous aspects. Positive, when scientists who do not have a conflict of interests (very few, admittedly) may eliminate publications based on non scientific evidences or suppositions already refuted. Negative because the scientific ideology uses the peer-review mainly to eliminate those innovations which threaten the orthodoxy’s suppositions and investments.
Duesberg speaks from experience: considered a luminary in point of AIDS and Cancer, having isolated the first gene considered responsible for inducing cancers and having mapped the retroviruses’ genetic structure, (which brought him in 1986 to be elected in the most important American scientific association, the National Academy of Science) Duesberg has jeopardized a very promising profession by opposing what he calls the " Hiv dogma", that is the most credited theory on the causes of AIDS, according to which it is the Hiv retrovirus that induces immunodeficiency.
According to Duesberg there is no scientifically ascertained link between the virus and the desease and anti-retrovirus drugs not only are useless, but in some cases they accelerate the DEATH of patients, as it is the case of AZT by GLAXO.
And this is not everything. Writes Flavia Bruno, from “Centro Studi comunicazione sul farmaco, Facoltà di farmacia, Università di Milano, " In a society living out of deep complexities such as ours, the lack of scientific knowledge leads (or should lead) to a principle of caution, based on which one should not delay effective measures to prevent serious damages and the possible consequences on collective health”. But this is an illusion. Not only the falsity of almost all scientific publications has been proven, but if this is valid for the habitual readers of scientific magazines, what should we say of the large majority of the Italians graduated in medicine who DO NOT READ ANYTHING AT ALL?
To what, to whom do they believe? The answer is obvious: to the shabbiest publications provided by the Industry. And it is absolutely useless to talk about the PRINCIPLE OF CAUTION formulated by the European Community two years ago, since in Italy, not only it is unkown, but it is not applicable either, inasmuch our country has not yet acknowledged the relevant Directive in question. And in case it was acknowledged, it would be a huge worry to succeed in obliging the relevant public entities to apply it within the medical context.
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Saturday, January 19, 2008
The Merchants of aids
by Clark Henderson
The entry into the age of aids was quiet. Perhaps in 1976 the virus, carried by some foreigner, arrived in America. It is not my purpose to discuss the spread of the AIDS epidemic; that has already been done in books like And the Band Played On by Randy Shilts and History of AIDS by Mirko Grmek. My focus is the hidden side of AIDS, which has not been exposed in any book to my knowledge.
PREPARING FOR AN EPIDEMIC
There is documented evidence that a disease which could be recognized as AIDS has been worked on for years. Testimony before a sub-committee of the House Appropriations Committee, in Washington, D.C., in 1969, for Department of Defense appropriations for 1970, stated:
Within the next 5 to 10 years, it would probably be possible to make a new infective micro-organism which could differ in certain important respects from any known disease-causing organisms. Most important of these is that it might be refractory to the immunological and therapeutic processes upon which we depend to maintain our relative freedom from infectious disease. (R. Harris and J. Paxman, A Higher Form of Killing, 1982, p. 241)
The money was approved! By 1972, this potential new micro-organism was described so clearly that there is little doubt that it is AIDS: http://aidseugenics.blogspot.com/2008/01/department-of-defense-appropriations.html
An attempt should be made to ascertain whether viruses can in fact exert selective effects on immune function, e.g., by . . . affecting T cell function as opposed to B cell function. The possibility should also be looked into that the immune response to the virus itself may also be impaired if the infecting virus damages more or less selectively the cells responding to the viral antigens.
This is beyond question a clinical description of the function of the AIDS virus! But it appeared, of all places, in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol. 47, pp. 257-74, in 1972.
The entry into the age of aids was quiet. Perhaps in 1976 the virus, carried by some foreigner, arrived in America. It is not my purpose to discuss the spread of the AIDS epidemic; that has already been done in books like And the Band Played On by Randy Shilts and History of AIDS by Mirko Grmek. My focus is the hidden side of AIDS, which has not been exposed in any book to my knowledge.
PREPARING FOR AN EPIDEMIC
There is documented evidence that a disease which could be recognized as AIDS has been worked on for years. Testimony before a sub-committee of the House Appropriations Committee, in Washington, D.C., in 1969, for Department of Defense appropriations for 1970, stated:
Within the next 5 to 10 years, it would probably be possible to make a new infective micro-organism which could differ in certain important respects from any known disease-causing organisms. Most important of these is that it might be refractory to the immunological and therapeutic processes upon which we depend to maintain our relative freedom from infectious disease. (R. Harris and J. Paxman, A Higher Form of Killing, 1982, p. 241)
The money was approved! By 1972, this potential new micro-organism was described so clearly that there is little doubt that it is AIDS: http://aidseugenics.blogspot.com/2008/01/department-of-defense-appropriations.html
An attempt should be made to ascertain whether viruses can in fact exert selective effects on immune function, e.g., by . . . affecting T cell function as opposed to B cell function. The possibility should also be looked into that the immune response to the virus itself may also be impaired if the infecting virus damages more or less selectively the cells responding to the viral antigens.
This is beyond question a clinical description of the function of the AIDS virus! But it appeared, of all places, in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol. 47, pp. 257-74, in 1972.
Read the entire article: http://aidseugenics.blogspot.com/2008/01/merchants-of-aids-full-article.html
Friday, January 18, 2008
July 27, 1990: Aids is man-made - By William Cooper [Killed by Law enforcement in 2001]
Did irrational fear cause a bunch of powerful politicians to order the creation of the HIV virus and consequently the deaths of millions of people? The year 2000 has passed and civilization did not collapse, so how about releasing the cure now and paying damages to the families of the millions of people that died with your virus. And why aren't we arresting those people listed below in this article and charging them with genocide.
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Bill cooper:
During my talks in Las Vegas last weekend I revealed a few things about aids that I have been keeping close to my chest. I have already revealed that I saw that AIDS was man made to eliminate the undesirable elements of society while I was attached to Naval Security and Intelligence. I stated this fact in my paper "The Secret Government." Now for the rest of the story.
The first study was made in 1957 by scientists meeting in Huntsville Alabama. That study resulted in "Alternative 3." Another study was made by the Club of Rome in 1968 to determine the limits to growth. The result of the study was that civilization as we know it would collapse shortly after the year 2000 unless the population was seriously curtailed. Several Top Secret recommendations were made to the ruling elite by Dr. Aurelio Peccei of the Club of Rome. The chief recommendation was to develop a microbe which would attack the auto immune system and thus render the development of a vaccine impossible.
The first study was made in 1957 by scientists meeting in Huntsville Alabama. That study resulted in "Alternative 3." Another study was made by the Club of Rome in 1968 to determine the limits to growth. The result of the study was that civilization as we know it would collapse shortly after the year 2000 unless the population was seriously curtailed. Several Top Secret recommendations were made to the ruling elite by Dr. Aurelio Peccei of the Club of Rome. The chief recommendation was to develop a microbe which would attack the auto immune system and thus render the development of a vaccine impossible.
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The orders were given to develop the microbe and to also develop a cure and a prophylactic. The microbe would be used against the general population and would be introduced by vaccine administered by the World Health Organization. The prophylactic was to be used by the ruling elite.
The orders were given to develop the microbe and to also develop a cure and a prophylactic. The microbe would be used against the general population and would be introduced by vaccine administered by the World Health Organization. The prophylactic was to be used by the ruling elite.
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The cure will be administered to the survivors when they decide that enough people have died. It will be announced as newly developed. This plan was called Global 2000. The cure and the prophylactic are suppressed. Funding was obtained from the U.S. Congress under H.B. 15090 where $10 million was given to the Department of Defense to produce "a synthetic biological agent, an agent that does not naturally exist and for which no natural immunity could have been acquired." "Within the next 5 to 10 years it would probably be possible to make a new infective microorganism which could differ in certain important aspects from any known disease causing organisms.
Most important of these is that it might be refractory to the immunological and therapeutic processes upon which we depend to maintain our relative freedom from infectious disease." The project was carried out at Fort Detrick Maryland. Since large populations were to be decimated the ruling elite decided to target the "undesirable elements of society" for extermination. Specifically targeted were the black, hispanic, and homosexual populations.
Most important of these is that it might be refractory to the immunological and therapeutic processes upon which we depend to maintain our relative freedom from infectious disease." The project was carried out at Fort Detrick Maryland. Since large populations were to be decimated the ruling elite decided to target the "undesirable elements of society" for extermination. Specifically targeted were the black, hispanic, and homosexual populations.
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The name of the project that developed AIDS is MKNAOMI. The African continent was infected via smallpox vaccine in 1977. The U.S. population was infected in 1978 with he hepatitis B vaccine through the Centers for Disease Control and the New York Blood Center. You now have the entire story. The order was given by the POLICY COMMITTEE of THE BILDERBERG GROUP based in Switzerland. Other measures were also ordered. The one you will be able to check the easiest is the Haig - Kissinger Depopulation Policy which is administered by the State Department.
When you put this information out do not edit it and please give me and this board full credit as the source of the information. Please post the board phone number with this file. That is how I stay alive. This board is THE CITIZENS AGENCY FOR JOINT INTELLIGENCE, SYSOP - WILLIAM COOPER, (602) 567-6725
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To aid you in your research of this CRIME the name of the report was "THE LIMITS TO GROWTH" A REPORT FOR THE CLUB OF ROME'S PROJECT ON THE PREDICAMENT OF MANKIND. In April 1968 the study began in the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome Italy. They met at the instigation of Dr. Aurelio Peccei.
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The Top Secret recommendations of the results of the study were made by Dr. Aurelio Peccei who pledged not to use the prophylactic and not to take the cure should the microbe be developed and should he contract the disease. Dr. Peccei was hailed as a great hero for deciding to take the same risk as the general population. The public results of the study were published in 1972. The MIT project team that participated in the study are listed below:
Dr. Dennis L. Meadows, director, United States
Dr. Alison A. Anderson, United States (pollution)
Dr. Jay M. Anderson, United States (pollution)
Ilyas Bayar, Turkey (agriculture)
William W. Behrens III, United States (resources)
Farhad Hakimzadeh, Iran (population)
Dr. Steffen Harbordt, Germany (socio-political trends)
Judith A Machen, United States (administration)
Dr. Donella H. Meadows, United States (population)
Peter Milling, Germany (capital)
Nirmala S. Murthy, India (population)
Roger F. Naill, United States (resources)
Jorgen Randers, Norway (population)
Stephen Shantzis, United States (agriculture)
John A. Seeger, United States (administration)
Marilyn Williams, United States (documentation)
Dr. Erich K. O. Zahn, Germany (agriculture)
When the study was completed in 1969 U.N. Secretary General U Thant
made this statement:
"I do not wish to seem overdramatic, but I can only conclude from the information that is available to me as Secretary-General, that the Members of the United Nations have perhaps ten years left in which to subordinate their ancient quarrels and launch a global partnership to curb the arms race, to defuse the population explosion, and to supply the required momentum to development efforts. If such a global partnership is not forged within the next decade, then I very much fear hat the problems I have mentioned will have reached such staggering proportions that they will be beyond our capacity to control." U Thant, 1969
MKNAOMI was developed by the Special Operations Division (SOD) scientists at Ft. Detrick, Maryland under the supervision of the CIA and for the CIA. A reference to the project MKNAOMI can be found in "The Intelligence Community" By Fain et al, Bowker, 1977.
I swear that all of the above information is true and correct to the best of my memory and knowledge. I give this information to the people of the world in hopes that someone will have the courage and resources to help me end this madness. The illuminati (the order) are in complete control of most of the world and they have declared war against the general populations of all nations. We must stop them at all costs. Please help me for I cannot do it alone. Please send this file without editing to everyone that you know and ask them to do the same. God bless you all.
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Dr. Dennis L. Meadows, director, United States
Dr. Alison A. Anderson, United States (pollution)
Dr. Jay M. Anderson, United States (pollution)
Ilyas Bayar, Turkey (agriculture)
William W. Behrens III, United States (resources)
Farhad Hakimzadeh, Iran (population)
Dr. Steffen Harbordt, Germany (socio-political trends)
Judith A Machen, United States (administration)
Dr. Donella H. Meadows, United States (population)
Peter Milling, Germany (capital)
Nirmala S. Murthy, India (population)
Roger F. Naill, United States (resources)
Jorgen Randers, Norway (population)
Stephen Shantzis, United States (agriculture)
John A. Seeger, United States (administration)
Marilyn Williams, United States (documentation)
Dr. Erich K. O. Zahn, Germany (agriculture)
When the study was completed in 1969 U.N. Secretary General U Thant
made this statement:
"I do not wish to seem overdramatic, but I can only conclude from the information that is available to me as Secretary-General, that the Members of the United Nations have perhaps ten years left in which to subordinate their ancient quarrels and launch a global partnership to curb the arms race, to defuse the population explosion, and to supply the required momentum to development efforts. If such a global partnership is not forged within the next decade, then I very much fear hat the problems I have mentioned will have reached such staggering proportions that they will be beyond our capacity to control." U Thant, 1969
MKNAOMI was developed by the Special Operations Division (SOD) scientists at Ft. Detrick, Maryland under the supervision of the CIA and for the CIA. A reference to the project MKNAOMI can be found in "The Intelligence Community" By Fain et al, Bowker, 1977.
I swear that all of the above information is true and correct to the best of my memory and knowledge. I give this information to the people of the world in hopes that someone will have the courage and resources to help me end this madness. The illuminati (the order) are in complete control of most of the world and they have declared war against the general populations of all nations. We must stop them at all costs. Please help me for I cannot do it alone. Please send this file without editing to everyone that you know and ask them to do the same. God bless you all.
-
Bill was killed by the Apache County Sherrifs Department during a raid on his home in November of 2001. He is now buried on a hill in Eagar, Arizona. Perhaps he knew too much.
William Cooper
-
All information and opinions contained in this article are those of the author and not necessarily those of the owner of this blog. I encourage everyone to do their own research and make their own decisions as to its validity
Tuesday, January 15, 2008
Kissinger, Eugenics and Nazis
Excerpts from Article SUPERVIRUSES, CONTAMINATED VACCINES AND THE CURRENT AND COMING PLAGUES by Leonard Horowitz, DMD, MPH, Ph.D.
http://www.consumerhealth.org/articles/display.cfm?ID=19990303202939
HENRY KISSINGER
No epidemic in earth's history has ever evolved without major social and political upheaval, so you have to examine the decade prior to 1978 when the first AIDS cases emerged. Going back to 1968, Henry Kissinger was appointed National Security Advisor, which made him the most powerful man in American intelligence, overseeing the FBI, CIA and foreign policy.
Almost immediately, Kissinger selected the option to develop immune system ravaging microorganisms for germ warfare as an alternative to nuclear weapons. You must create the organisms, and then test them where the hand of America will not show. Where is that? Central Africa, Zaire and Angola, the heart of the African AIDS belt and close to ground zero for the first Ebola virus outbreak.
"AIDS is a lousy biological weapon, but it is a fabulous population reducing agent. "
"Ebola is an ideal weapon. It kills nine out of ten people within three weeks. It has proteolytic enzymes that turn your internal organs and blood vessels to mush. That is why it is far better than nuclear weapons. You still have all the infrastructure. "
Why destroy the property when you can own it? What is Kissinger's relationship to all this?
You have to go back to 1955.
THE INTERNATIONAL BANKSTERS WHO RUN THE WORLD
In 1955 Kissinger was made the nuclear weapons study group director for the Council of Foreign Relations by Nelson Rockefeller. This is not a government agency.
It is approximately 3,000 of the wealthiest most powerful military medical industrialists who dictate policy for all of the heads of state who are all puppets. The international banksters run the world.
They are the international bankers, international industrialists, and medical and military industrialists.
THE NEW WORLD ORDER
That same year (1955), Kissinger finished his Ph.D. thesis at Harvard entitled The Meaning of History in which he describes the contemporary evolution of the New World Order. You can pull his thesis off the shelf in the stacks in the library at Harvard. The phrase, New World Order, was made famous by George Bush who frequently talked about it. You have to be blind if you don't see that this one world government agenda is rapidly unfolding.
Also in 1955, Bertrand Russell, who is from an aristocratic English family with ties to high level British intelligence and the shadow governors (banksters), wrote in his book The Impact of Science on Society:
"I do not pretend that birth control is the only way in which population can be kept from increasing. War has hitherto been disappointing in this respect, but perhaps bacteriological war may prove more effective. There are three ways of securing a society whose population is stable: birth control, infanticide or really destructive wars which creates general misery except for the powerful minority. These considerations prove that a scientific world society cannot be stable unless there is a world government with a monopoly of armed force."
NAZI MASS DEPARTURE FROM GERMANY
Just before the end of WWII, Kissinger was godfather to Project Paperclip which was the exfiltration of approximately 2,000 Nazis out of Germany before the war's end, along with all the vast fortunes. Most people think all the Nazis went to the Nuremburg trials. Not true. Most were fined about $5,000 and jailed for a few years, then released to join their colleagues in America working for the CIA and intelligence for American industry. We have declassified documents to prove that 2000 came to the U.S. and 11,000 went to France. Seven books have already been written about it.
Among the Nazis who got out were some of the most hideous names in contemporary history. In 1938, the Dulles brothers, the law firm which represented John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil, engineered the partnership between John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil and I.G. Farben, Germany's leading industrial organization which held the patent on the gas that killed millions of people. I.G. Farben and the Third Reich were inseparable partners, and the Rockefellers were partners with I.G. Farben.
The American Red Cross, largely controlled by Rockefeller, supplied the Nazis with false identification. Laurance Rockefeller created the New York City Blood Council which became the international "blood banksters". These are the people who allowed countless people around the world to get HIV contaminated blood.
They knew for years it was contaminated with HIV but they let it be used anyway.
THE CANCER INDUSTRY AND THE SUPPRESSION OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
In the 1920's Rockefeller and Sloan created the cancer industry.
Also in the 20's, they had another agenda, the monopolization of American medicine, and it was determined that holistic therapies and alternative medicine were quackery and fraud.
EUGENICS
In the same decade, an interesting union was forming between the Rockefeller family, Prescott Bush (George Bush's father), William Draper III, the Royal family in England, and a few other financiers who inspired the eugenics agenda. Eugenics simply means the study of the genetic differences between the races.
It led to the racial hygiene laws, and the study of the genetic predisposition for diseases among the races.
The racial hygiene laws that you think Hitler came up with were in fact originated in 1928 by the Rockefellers, Prescott Bush and the Royal family and others, aiming for population reduction and supremacy of the master race.
NAZI MONEY BURIED IN NEW CORPORATIONS
At the end of the war Hitler ordered Martin Bormann, financial director of the Third Reich, to bury the treasure not only for Germany's economic recovery, but for the rise of the Fourth Reich.
So Bormann buried it into 750 corporations as determined by their partners I.G. Farben and the Rockefellers, to establish a monopoly over the world's pharmaceutical and chemical industries because this would be essential for the "New Ordnung" or "New Order".
Among the 750 corporations that received the money, one of the principle recipients was Merck and Co., the people who produced along with Dr. Hilleman the vaccine that plausibly delivered AIDS to the world.
Merck has remained a major biological weapons contractor for CIA's top secret project NKNaomi, and Kissinger has remained all these years a major consultant to Merck.
http://www.consumerhealth.org/articles/display.cfm?ID=19990303202939
HENRY KISSINGER
No epidemic in earth's history has ever evolved without major social and political upheaval, so you have to examine the decade prior to 1978 when the first AIDS cases emerged. Going back to 1968, Henry Kissinger was appointed National Security Advisor, which made him the most powerful man in American intelligence, overseeing the FBI, CIA and foreign policy.
Almost immediately, Kissinger selected the option to develop immune system ravaging microorganisms for germ warfare as an alternative to nuclear weapons. You must create the organisms, and then test them where the hand of America will not show. Where is that? Central Africa, Zaire and Angola, the heart of the African AIDS belt and close to ground zero for the first Ebola virus outbreak.
"AIDS is a lousy biological weapon, but it is a fabulous population reducing agent. "
"Ebola is an ideal weapon. It kills nine out of ten people within three weeks. It has proteolytic enzymes that turn your internal organs and blood vessels to mush. That is why it is far better than nuclear weapons. You still have all the infrastructure. "
Why destroy the property when you can own it? What is Kissinger's relationship to all this?
You have to go back to 1955.
THE INTERNATIONAL BANKSTERS WHO RUN THE WORLD
In 1955 Kissinger was made the nuclear weapons study group director for the Council of Foreign Relations by Nelson Rockefeller. This is not a government agency.
It is approximately 3,000 of the wealthiest most powerful military medical industrialists who dictate policy for all of the heads of state who are all puppets. The international banksters run the world.
They are the international bankers, international industrialists, and medical and military industrialists.
THE NEW WORLD ORDER
That same year (1955), Kissinger finished his Ph.D. thesis at Harvard entitled The Meaning of History in which he describes the contemporary evolution of the New World Order. You can pull his thesis off the shelf in the stacks in the library at Harvard. The phrase, New World Order, was made famous by George Bush who frequently talked about it. You have to be blind if you don't see that this one world government agenda is rapidly unfolding.
Also in 1955, Bertrand Russell, who is from an aristocratic English family with ties to high level British intelligence and the shadow governors (banksters), wrote in his book The Impact of Science on Society:
"I do not pretend that birth control is the only way in which population can be kept from increasing. War has hitherto been disappointing in this respect, but perhaps bacteriological war may prove more effective. There are three ways of securing a society whose population is stable: birth control, infanticide or really destructive wars which creates general misery except for the powerful minority. These considerations prove that a scientific world society cannot be stable unless there is a world government with a monopoly of armed force."
NAZI MASS DEPARTURE FROM GERMANY
Just before the end of WWII, Kissinger was godfather to Project Paperclip which was the exfiltration of approximately 2,000 Nazis out of Germany before the war's end, along with all the vast fortunes. Most people think all the Nazis went to the Nuremburg trials. Not true. Most were fined about $5,000 and jailed for a few years, then released to join their colleagues in America working for the CIA and intelligence for American industry. We have declassified documents to prove that 2000 came to the U.S. and 11,000 went to France. Seven books have already been written about it.
Among the Nazis who got out were some of the most hideous names in contemporary history. In 1938, the Dulles brothers, the law firm which represented John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil, engineered the partnership between John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil and I.G. Farben, Germany's leading industrial organization which held the patent on the gas that killed millions of people. I.G. Farben and the Third Reich were inseparable partners, and the Rockefellers were partners with I.G. Farben.
The American Red Cross, largely controlled by Rockefeller, supplied the Nazis with false identification. Laurance Rockefeller created the New York City Blood Council which became the international "blood banksters". These are the people who allowed countless people around the world to get HIV contaminated blood.
They knew for years it was contaminated with HIV but they let it be used anyway.
THE CANCER INDUSTRY AND THE SUPPRESSION OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
In the 1920's Rockefeller and Sloan created the cancer industry.
Also in the 20's, they had another agenda, the monopolization of American medicine, and it was determined that holistic therapies and alternative medicine were quackery and fraud.
EUGENICS
In the same decade, an interesting union was forming between the Rockefeller family, Prescott Bush (George Bush's father), William Draper III, the Royal family in England, and a few other financiers who inspired the eugenics agenda. Eugenics simply means the study of the genetic differences between the races.
It led to the racial hygiene laws, and the study of the genetic predisposition for diseases among the races.
The racial hygiene laws that you think Hitler came up with were in fact originated in 1928 by the Rockefellers, Prescott Bush and the Royal family and others, aiming for population reduction and supremacy of the master race.
NAZI MONEY BURIED IN NEW CORPORATIONS
At the end of the war Hitler ordered Martin Bormann, financial director of the Third Reich, to bury the treasure not only for Germany's economic recovery, but for the rise of the Fourth Reich.
So Bormann buried it into 750 corporations as determined by their partners I.G. Farben and the Rockefellers, to establish a monopoly over the world's pharmaceutical and chemical industries because this would be essential for the "New Ordnung" or "New Order".
Among the 750 corporations that received the money, one of the principle recipients was Merck and Co., the people who produced along with Dr. Hilleman the vaccine that plausibly delivered AIDS to the world.
Merck has remained a major biological weapons contractor for CIA's top secret project NKNaomi, and Kissinger has remained all these years a major consultant to Merck.
2002: Eleven microbiologists mysteriously dead over the span of just five months
Scientists' deaths are under the microscope
By ALANNA MITCHELL, SIMON COOPER AND CAROLYN ABRAHAM
COMPILED BY ALANNA MITCHELL
Saturday, May 4, 2002 – Print Edition, Page A1
Eleven microbiologists mysteriously dead over the span of just five months. Some of them world leaders in developing weapons-grade biological plagues. Others the best in figuring out how to stop millions from dying because of biological weapons.
Suspicious deaths
The sudden and suspicious deaths of 11 of the world's leading microbiologists.
Who they were:
1. Nov. 12, 2001-Benito Que was said to have been beaten in a Miami parking lot and died later.
2. Nov. 16, 2001-Don C. Wiley went missing. Was found Dec. 20. Investigators said he got dizzy on a Memphis bridge and fell to his death in a river.
3. Nov. 21, 2001-Vladimir Pasechnik, former high-level Russian microbiologist who defected in 1989 to the U.K. apparently died from a stroke.
4. Dec. 10, 2001-Robert M. Schwartz was stabbed to death in Leesberg, Va. Three Satanists have been arrested.
5. Dec. 14, 2001-Nguyen Van Set died in an airlock filled with nitrogen in his lab in Geelong, Australia.
6. Feb. 9, 2002-Victor Korshunov had his head bashed in near his home in Moscow.
7. Feb. 14, 2002-Ian Langford was found partially naked and wedged under a chair in Norwich, England.
8. 9. Feb. 28, 2002-San Francisco resident Tanya Holzmayer was killed by a microbiologist colleague, Guyang Huang, who shot her as she took delivery of a pizza and then apparently shot himself.
10. March 24, 2002-David Wynn-Williams died in a road accident near his home in Cambridge, England.
11. March 25, 2002-Steven Mostow of the Colorado Health Sciences Centre, killed in a plane he was flying near Denver
The first three died in the space of just over a week in November. Benito Que, 52, was an expert in infectious diseases and cellular biology at the Miami Medical School. Police originally suspected that he had been beaten on Nov. 12 in a carjacking in the medical school's parking lot. Strangely enough, though, his body showed no signs of a beating. Doctors then began to suspect a stroke.
Just four days after Dr. Que fell unconscious came the mysterious disappearance of Don Wiley, 57, one of the foremost microbiologists in the United States. Dr. Wiley, of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Harvard University, was an expert on how the immune system responds to viral attacks such as the classic doomsday plagues of HIV, ebola and influenza. He had just bought tickets to take his son to Graceland the following day. Police found his rental car on a bridge outside Memphis, Tenn. His body was later found in the Mississippi River. Forensic experts said he may have had a dizzy spell and have fallen off the bridge.
Just five days after that, the world-class microbiologist and high-profile Russian defector Valdimir Pasechnik, 64, fell dead. The pathologist who did the autopsy, and who also happened to be associated with Britain's spy agency, concluded he died of a stroke.Dr. Pasechnik, who defected to the United Kingdom in 1989, played a huge role in Russian biowarfare and helped to figure out how to modify cruise missiles to deliver the agents of mass biological destruction.
The next two deaths came four days apart in December. Robert Schwartz, 57, was stabbed and slashed with what police believe was a sword in his farmhouse in Leesberg, Va. His daughter, who identifies herself as a pagan high priestess, and several of her fellow pagans have been charged. Dr. Schwartz was an expert in DNA sequencing and pathogenic micro-organisms, who worked at the Center for Innovative Technology in Herndon, Va. Four days later, Nguyen Van Set, 44, died at work in Geelong, Australia, in a laboratory accident. He entered an airlocked storage lab and died from exposure to nitrogen.
Other scientists at the animal diseases facility of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization had just come to fame for discovering a virulent strain of mousepox, which could be modified to affect smallpox. Then in February, the Russian microbiologist Victor Korshunov, 56, an expert in intestinal bacteria of children around the world, was bashed over the head near his home in Moscow.
Five days later the British microbiologist Ian Langford, 40, was found dead in his home near Norwich, England, naked from the waist down and wedged under a chair. He was an expert in environmental risks and disease. Two weeks later, two prominent microbiologists died in San Francisco. Tanya Holzmayer, 46, a Russian who moved to the U.S. in 1989, focused on the part of the human molecular structure that could be affected best by medicine. She was killed by fellow microbiologist Guyang (Matthew) Huang, 38, who shot her seven times when she opened the door to a pizza delivery. Then he shot himself.
The final two deaths came one day after the other in March. David Wynn-Williams, 55, a respected astrobiologist with the British Antarctic Survey, who studied the habits of microbes that might survive in outer space, died in a freak road accident near his home in Cambridge, England. He was hit by a car while he was jogging.The following day, Steven Mostow, 63, known as Dr. Flu for his expertise in treating influenza, and a noted expert in bioterrorism, died when the airplane he was piloting crashed near Denver.
So what does any of it mean?" Statistically, what are the chances?" wondered a prominent North American microbiologist reached last night at an international meeting of infectious-disease specialists in Chicago. Janet Shoemaker, director of public and scientific affairs of the American Society for Microbiology in Washington, D.C., pointed out yesterday that there are about 20,000 academic researchers in microbiology in the U.S.
Still, not all of these are of the elevated calibre of those recently deceased. She had a chilling, final thought. When microbiologists die in a lab, there's a way of taking note of the deaths and adding them up. When they die in freakish accidents outside the lab, nobody keeps track.
By ALANNA MITCHELL, SIMON COOPER AND CAROLYN ABRAHAM
COMPILED BY ALANNA MITCHELL
Saturday, May 4, 2002 – Print Edition, Page A1
Eleven microbiologists mysteriously dead over the span of just five months. Some of them world leaders in developing weapons-grade biological plagues. Others the best in figuring out how to stop millions from dying because of biological weapons.
Suspicious deaths
The sudden and suspicious deaths of 11 of the world's leading microbiologists.
Who they were:
1. Nov. 12, 2001-Benito Que was said to have been beaten in a Miami parking lot and died later.
2. Nov. 16, 2001-Don C. Wiley went missing. Was found Dec. 20. Investigators said he got dizzy on a Memphis bridge and fell to his death in a river.
3. Nov. 21, 2001-Vladimir Pasechnik, former high-level Russian microbiologist who defected in 1989 to the U.K. apparently died from a stroke.
4. Dec. 10, 2001-Robert M. Schwartz was stabbed to death in Leesberg, Va. Three Satanists have been arrested.
5. Dec. 14, 2001-Nguyen Van Set died in an airlock filled with nitrogen in his lab in Geelong, Australia.
6. Feb. 9, 2002-Victor Korshunov had his head bashed in near his home in Moscow.
7. Feb. 14, 2002-Ian Langford was found partially naked and wedged under a chair in Norwich, England.
8. 9. Feb. 28, 2002-San Francisco resident Tanya Holzmayer was killed by a microbiologist colleague, Guyang Huang, who shot her as she took delivery of a pizza and then apparently shot himself.
10. March 24, 2002-David Wynn-Williams died in a road accident near his home in Cambridge, England.
11. March 25, 2002-Steven Mostow of the Colorado Health Sciences Centre, killed in a plane he was flying near Denver
The first three died in the space of just over a week in November. Benito Que, 52, was an expert in infectious diseases and cellular biology at the Miami Medical School. Police originally suspected that he had been beaten on Nov. 12 in a carjacking in the medical school's parking lot. Strangely enough, though, his body showed no signs of a beating. Doctors then began to suspect a stroke.
Just four days after Dr. Que fell unconscious came the mysterious disappearance of Don Wiley, 57, one of the foremost microbiologists in the United States. Dr. Wiley, of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Harvard University, was an expert on how the immune system responds to viral attacks such as the classic doomsday plagues of HIV, ebola and influenza. He had just bought tickets to take his son to Graceland the following day. Police found his rental car on a bridge outside Memphis, Tenn. His body was later found in the Mississippi River. Forensic experts said he may have had a dizzy spell and have fallen off the bridge.
Just five days after that, the world-class microbiologist and high-profile Russian defector Valdimir Pasechnik, 64, fell dead. The pathologist who did the autopsy, and who also happened to be associated with Britain's spy agency, concluded he died of a stroke.Dr. Pasechnik, who defected to the United Kingdom in 1989, played a huge role in Russian biowarfare and helped to figure out how to modify cruise missiles to deliver the agents of mass biological destruction.
The next two deaths came four days apart in December. Robert Schwartz, 57, was stabbed and slashed with what police believe was a sword in his farmhouse in Leesberg, Va. His daughter, who identifies herself as a pagan high priestess, and several of her fellow pagans have been charged. Dr. Schwartz was an expert in DNA sequencing and pathogenic micro-organisms, who worked at the Center for Innovative Technology in Herndon, Va. Four days later, Nguyen Van Set, 44, died at work in Geelong, Australia, in a laboratory accident. He entered an airlocked storage lab and died from exposure to nitrogen.
Other scientists at the animal diseases facility of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization had just come to fame for discovering a virulent strain of mousepox, which could be modified to affect smallpox. Then in February, the Russian microbiologist Victor Korshunov, 56, an expert in intestinal bacteria of children around the world, was bashed over the head near his home in Moscow.
Five days later the British microbiologist Ian Langford, 40, was found dead in his home near Norwich, England, naked from the waist down and wedged under a chair. He was an expert in environmental risks and disease. Two weeks later, two prominent microbiologists died in San Francisco. Tanya Holzmayer, 46, a Russian who moved to the U.S. in 1989, focused on the part of the human molecular structure that could be affected best by medicine. She was killed by fellow microbiologist Guyang (Matthew) Huang, 38, who shot her seven times when she opened the door to a pizza delivery. Then he shot himself.
The final two deaths came one day after the other in March. David Wynn-Williams, 55, a respected astrobiologist with the British Antarctic Survey, who studied the habits of microbes that might survive in outer space, died in a freak road accident near his home in Cambridge, England. He was hit by a car while he was jogging.The following day, Steven Mostow, 63, known as Dr. Flu for his expertise in treating influenza, and a noted expert in bioterrorism, died when the airplane he was piloting crashed near Denver.
So what does any of it mean?" Statistically, what are the chances?" wondered a prominent North American microbiologist reached last night at an international meeting of infectious-disease specialists in Chicago. Janet Shoemaker, director of public and scientific affairs of the American Society for Microbiology in Washington, D.C., pointed out yesterday that there are about 20,000 academic researchers in microbiology in the U.S.
Still, not all of these are of the elevated calibre of those recently deceased. She had a chilling, final thought. When microbiologists die in a lab, there's a way of taking note of the deaths and adding them up. When they die in freakish accidents outside the lab, nobody keeps track.
Saturday, January 12, 2008
This site is being developed
Please bare with us while we are developing this site. It is not complete at the moment.
We will be posting our information during January.
Any comments are welcome.
Thank You
We will be posting our information during January.
Any comments are welcome.
Thank You
Gallo and Litton Bionetics: Creators of Aids
Where did AIDS come from? Some say it doesn't matter, as long as we find a cure. But what if the man and money that created it, are still spreading it along with lies and half-truths? Watch this clip from In Lies We Trust: The CIA, Hollywood & Bio terrorism, to learn where AIDS really originated. A video from Dr. Leonard Horowitz.
Note: Dr. Jonathan Mann, UN aids czar was killed in a plane crash in 1988. Coincidence or murder?
Boyd Graves: Letter to Ninth Circuit Court
January 9, 2008
Cathy Catterson, Clerk of the Court
United States Court of Appeals
for the Ninth Circuit
P.O. Box 193939
San Francisco, Ca 94119-3939
Re: The U.S. Attorney letter of January 7, 2008;
Case No. 07-056782 (Graves v. U.S.A.)
Dear Ms. Catterson:
I write in response to the U.S. Attorney’s letter of January 7, 2008, to you regarding the government’s desire to not adhere to the Briefing Schedule issued by the Court on December 14, 2007.
We find it strange the U.S. Attorney is now seeking to say the government had no prior knowledge of the federal litigation that has been persisting in the U.S. courts since September 1998. The origin of HIV/AIDS is not a “frivolous” issue as the Courts have held. There is a significant evidence base in U.S. law and fact for the allegation and the conclusion our government made AIDS.
Here, reading the 1/7/8 letter form the U.S. Attorney, one would be led to believe the U.S. Attorney has been left out of the picture by design or accident. This is simply untrue. The U.S. Attorney has been sent each and every court document that has been filed.
A review of the U.S. Attorney’s email will also show notification to the U.S. Attorney from the lower court as well.
A review of the docket reveals the U.S. Attorney was listed and served in this case in March 2007. The record clearly shows the U.S. Attorney General was served via certified mail return receipt requested on May 17, 2007.
The U.S. Attorney should be further compelled to respond to this individual lawsuit and the more important Constitutional questions of ‘state liability’ for the breach of the basic right to life. We find it peculiar the U.S. Attorney has not begun an inquiry of its own in support of my “right to life”.
The U.S. Attorney simply tried to ride the wave of the errant dismissal and is now crying foul on appeal. In any event, the U.S. Attorney owes a responsibility and duty to the American people to begin the review and investigation of the U.S. Special Virus (Cancer) Program (1962 – 1978). The American people and the people of the world are entitled to know the truth about the synthetic origin of HIV/AIDS and its ten year old CURE, U.S. patent#5676977. See, www.uspto.gov.
The U.S. Attorney should be working for the American people, not trying to slither away from the greatest human holocaust in the history of the world with silence and denial.
Please alert me if I need to file a formal motion to enjoin the U.S. Attorney to this so necessary appeal.
Sincerely,
Boyd Ed Graves, J.D.
Cathy Catterson, Clerk of the Court
United States Court of Appeals
for the Ninth Circuit
P.O. Box 193939
San Francisco, Ca 94119-3939
Re: The U.S. Attorney letter of January 7, 2008;
Case No. 07-056782 (Graves v. U.S.A.)
Dear Ms. Catterson:
I write in response to the U.S. Attorney’s letter of January 7, 2008, to you regarding the government’s desire to not adhere to the Briefing Schedule issued by the Court on December 14, 2007.
We find it strange the U.S. Attorney is now seeking to say the government had no prior knowledge of the federal litigation that has been persisting in the U.S. courts since September 1998. The origin of HIV/AIDS is not a “frivolous” issue as the Courts have held. There is a significant evidence base in U.S. law and fact for the allegation and the conclusion our government made AIDS.
Here, reading the 1/7/8 letter form the U.S. Attorney, one would be led to believe the U.S. Attorney has been left out of the picture by design or accident. This is simply untrue. The U.S. Attorney has been sent each and every court document that has been filed.
A review of the U.S. Attorney’s email will also show notification to the U.S. Attorney from the lower court as well.
A review of the docket reveals the U.S. Attorney was listed and served in this case in March 2007. The record clearly shows the U.S. Attorney General was served via certified mail return receipt requested on May 17, 2007.
The U.S. Attorney should be further compelled to respond to this individual lawsuit and the more important Constitutional questions of ‘state liability’ for the breach of the basic right to life. We find it peculiar the U.S. Attorney has not begun an inquiry of its own in support of my “right to life”.
The U.S. Attorney simply tried to ride the wave of the errant dismissal and is now crying foul on appeal. In any event, the U.S. Attorney owes a responsibility and duty to the American people to begin the review and investigation of the U.S. Special Virus (Cancer) Program (1962 – 1978). The American people and the people of the world are entitled to know the truth about the synthetic origin of HIV/AIDS and its ten year old CURE, U.S. patent#5676977. See, www.uspto.gov.
The U.S. Attorney should be working for the American people, not trying to slither away from the greatest human holocaust in the history of the world with silence and denial.
Please alert me if I need to file a formal motion to enjoin the U.S. Attorney to this so necessary appeal.
Sincerely,
Boyd Ed Graves, J.D.
Boyd Graves: Interview with Alex Jones
Dr. Boyd Graves discusses how HIV was made by the United States Government
1988: Dr. Jonathan Mann : Killed in Plane Crash
World leader in AIDS fight dies in Swissair crash
Dr. Mann
September 3, 1998
Web posted at: 3:12 p.m. EDT (1512 GMT)
In this story:
Warned world about spread of AIDS
Urged testing of AIDS vaccine
Wife contributed to development of vaccines
From CNN Medical Correspondent Dan Rutz
(CNN) -- World leaders in the war against AIDS are in shock over the loss of two of their most trusted and admired colleagues. Dr. Jonathan Mann and his wife, Dr. Mary Lou Clements-Mann, were aboard the Swissair jetliner that crashed off the coast of Canada on Wednesday night.
In the 1980s, Mann launched the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, becoming one of the first to recognize the global threat. He was head of the program from 1986 to 1990.
"In the '80s, he was truly a visionary at a time when it was absolutely not clear how devastating and epidemic AIDS would become," said Peter Piot, executive director of UNAIDS. "He pulled off what he called a global response both in developing and developed countries."
Warned world about spread of AIDS
As director of the International AIDS Conference six years ago in Amsterdam, Mann warned of a complacency among world leaders in the fight against AIDS.
"The gap between the intensifying pace of the pandemic and the lagging national and global response is widening rapidly and dangerously, and global vulnerability to AIDS is increasing," he said.
Mann started his career at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after graduation. He resigned from the Harvard School of Public Health in December to be dean of Allegheny University of the Health Sciences' School of Public Health in Philadelphia.
Urged testing of AIDS vaccine
Two months ago, Mann voiced impatience over what he considered unconscionable delays in widespread testing of a vaccine to prevent AIDS -- what many in public health consider the only way to control the worldwide explosion of new cases.
"We must now work to develop the vaccine that will prevent disease and we must do this in a way that respects the urgency of the problem," he said.
To some, he became the conscience for the AIDS research effort, with his eloquent defense of those most vulnerable to the disease. AIDS, he noted, disproportionately affected the poor or disenfranchised members of society including gay men and minorities, who were often stigmatized or discriminated against.
He was patient with AIDS activists, and worked to convince others that the fields of public health and human rights were inseparable.
"It is a fundamental public health strategy, in general, to try to bring them in," he said in 1992. "Convince them, bring them in -- don't push them out, exclude them, discriminate against them, fight them."
Wife contributed to development of vaccines
Dr. Clements-Mann
Mary Lou Clements-Mann made her mark in vaccine development for diseases including AIDS, influenza and hepatitis B.
"If a vaccine will prevent AIDS by reducing the amount of virus in an infected person and controlling that infection, it may also have the public benefit of reducing the transmission to others."
She met Mann while working on her AIDS vaccine projects. They married a year and a half ago.
The couple was flying Wednesday to a U.N. AIDS vaccine conference in Geneva. Friends and colleagues gathered there Thursday for a memorial service.
Dr. Mann
September 3, 1998
Web posted at: 3:12 p.m. EDT (1512 GMT)
In this story:
Warned world about spread of AIDS
Urged testing of AIDS vaccine
Wife contributed to development of vaccines
From CNN Medical Correspondent Dan Rutz
(CNN) -- World leaders in the war against AIDS are in shock over the loss of two of their most trusted and admired colleagues. Dr. Jonathan Mann and his wife, Dr. Mary Lou Clements-Mann, were aboard the Swissair jetliner that crashed off the coast of Canada on Wednesday night.
In the 1980s, Mann launched the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, becoming one of the first to recognize the global threat. He was head of the program from 1986 to 1990.
"In the '80s, he was truly a visionary at a time when it was absolutely not clear how devastating and epidemic AIDS would become," said Peter Piot, executive director of UNAIDS. "He pulled off what he called a global response both in developing and developed countries."
Warned world about spread of AIDS
As director of the International AIDS Conference six years ago in Amsterdam, Mann warned of a complacency among world leaders in the fight against AIDS.
"The gap between the intensifying pace of the pandemic and the lagging national and global response is widening rapidly and dangerously, and global vulnerability to AIDS is increasing," he said.
Mann started his career at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after graduation. He resigned from the Harvard School of Public Health in December to be dean of Allegheny University of the Health Sciences' School of Public Health in Philadelphia.
Urged testing of AIDS vaccine
Two months ago, Mann voiced impatience over what he considered unconscionable delays in widespread testing of a vaccine to prevent AIDS -- what many in public health consider the only way to control the worldwide explosion of new cases.
"We must now work to develop the vaccine that will prevent disease and we must do this in a way that respects the urgency of the problem," he said.
To some, he became the conscience for the AIDS research effort, with his eloquent defense of those most vulnerable to the disease. AIDS, he noted, disproportionately affected the poor or disenfranchised members of society including gay men and minorities, who were often stigmatized or discriminated against.
He was patient with AIDS activists, and worked to convince others that the fields of public health and human rights were inseparable.
"It is a fundamental public health strategy, in general, to try to bring them in," he said in 1992. "Convince them, bring them in -- don't push them out, exclude them, discriminate against them, fight them."
Wife contributed to development of vaccines
Dr. Clements-Mann
Mary Lou Clements-Mann made her mark in vaccine development for diseases including AIDS, influenza and hepatitis B.
"If a vaccine will prevent AIDS by reducing the amount of virus in an infected person and controlling that infection, it may also have the public benefit of reducing the transmission to others."
She met Mann while working on her AIDS vaccine projects. They married a year and a half ago.
The couple was flying Wednesday to a U.N. AIDS vaccine conference in Geneva. Friends and colleagues gathered there Thursday for a memorial service.
Friday, January 11, 2008
Another Tool of Eugenics: Fluoride
"any person who drinks artificially fluoridated water for a period of one year or more will never again be the same person mentally or physically."
-Charles E. Perkins, Chemist.
Water Fluoridation has hit the main stream media after decades being brushed aside. Scientific American had an article about the dangers of fluoride if its overused, revealing that its almost impossible not to overuse it. Many people don't think twice about the toxic waste that we are drowning in. Fluoride is not what you think, and the deceit is painfully obvious, you just have to look.
Calcium Fluoride is what is usually found naturally in water but the cheaper, Hexafluorosilicic Acid, is dumped in our drinking water and its not even similar to "calcium fluoride". Hexafluorosilicic Acid is a highly toxic chemical, that has a laundry list of ailments and diseases to go along with it. According to DR. Hardy Limeback's research, most American cities are purchasing an industrial grade source of fluoride to fluoridate drinking water. It comes from smokestack scrubbers that produce phosphate fertilizer, its cheaper than the pharmaceutical grade. He explains, "Tragically,that means we're not just dumping toxic fluoride into our drinking water. We're also exposing innocent, unsuspecting people to deadly elements of lead, arsenic and radium, all of them carcinogenic. Because of the cumulative properties of toxins, the detrimental effects on human health are catastrophic." But we drink it, bathe in it, wash our clothes and dishes in it without hesitation. Artificially fluoridated water is not beneficial to our health and naturally occurring fluoride is not essential for ANY living thing, and that should be common knowledge.
Acceptable amounts of fluoride to ingest is 1 part per million of water. More than 2 PPM has been ruled toxic. Acceptable levels allowed in our tap water have been rising, and more than 90 percent of our public water is fluoridated, so our food is grown with it, soda, soup, all canned with it, we are being bombarded with fluoride. Unfortunately, we have no way of knowing how much of the toxic fluoride we have stored in our bodies, it stays in your body, for unknown period's of time. "Half of all ingested fluoride remains in the skeletal system and accumulates with age" Dr. Hardy Limeback
Last year the National Research Council released the report: "Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards." The report said too much fluoride for babies is toxic. It advised parents feeding babies powdered formula to prepare it with un-fluoridated bottled water. Yet on our grocery store shelves we have "nursery water" a brand aimed at formula fed babies, loaded with fluoride. The report was released, with little or no mention. This is INCREDIBLY dangerous, yet, the public draws a blank. Its no surprise we are being misled, the whole operation is confusing. Seven months after that report the FDA gave manufacturers of bottled water permission to print claims on their labels that drinking fluoridated water may reduce the risk of dental caries or tooth decay. Instead of the DANGER warning fluoridated water should have gotten, artificial water fluoridation gets the FDA golden seal of greatness. Currently bottled water remains virtually unregulated. "43 of 50 states have the equivalent of fewer than a single staff person dedicated to regulating bottled water."
The lawmakers are not looking to protect, but to harm, and they are preying on your inability to stay informed, drowning out the necessary information we need to make decisions. We just file in as complacent as the fluoride will get us, believing that no one would ever harm us...the government would never allow it. Do the research, WE are allowing it. In 1992, three counties of New Jersey had almost seven times the osteosarcoma (bone cancer) rate in males in the fluoridated communities compared to the non-fluoridated communities. It's a proven carcinogen...still they fluoridate.
In 1931 ALCOA, the worlds largest aluminum producer, was polluting the water with sodium fuoride, children's teeth were turning yellow, because of the high levels found in the water supply. Sodium fluoride is a toxic pollutant, an aluminum by product, the same type of fluoride that is found in toothpaste. Look a little closer at the tube of toothpaste, you will find the phone number for poison control, "toothpaste overdose" can cause convulsions, and a break down of your nervous and digestive systems, along with difficulty breathing. The amounts we pollute our bodies with everyday are harmful, and we feel the effects of the poison, without recognition, fluoride lowers your IQ and it is a main component of anti-psychotic drugs, extremely dangerous for our children. We are drugged, like patients in a sanatorium, with little resistance.
Fluoridated water is a tool of control, the benefits to the the masses are non existent, the benefits to a government trying to CONTROL the masses are endless. In the 1930's Hitler created his plan of control, and force alone was not going to be enough. The plan involved what they called "water medication" (we call it "water fluoridation"). The Nazi's would contaminate the water supply to make the people docile (and sterilize them as well).
Most of Europe does not (openly) fluoridate their water. The UK, however has unknown amounts of Prozac in their water, and its basic ingredient is fluoride, so basically they are being medicated by the government as well. We have been conned. Water Fluoridation is destroying the will of the people. It is just one of the tools that is being used against the population, it's slowing us down. In order to Fight the tyranny, first we must remove the fluoride, how can you willing ingest something that will make you less smart? You can't, its suicide. Filter your water. Don't go willingly.
-Charles E. Perkins, Chemist.
Water Fluoridation has hit the main stream media after decades being brushed aside. Scientific American had an article about the dangers of fluoride if its overused, revealing that its almost impossible not to overuse it. Many people don't think twice about the toxic waste that we are drowning in. Fluoride is not what you think, and the deceit is painfully obvious, you just have to look.
Calcium Fluoride is what is usually found naturally in water but the cheaper, Hexafluorosilicic Acid, is dumped in our drinking water and its not even similar to "calcium fluoride". Hexafluorosilicic Acid is a highly toxic chemical, that has a laundry list of ailments and diseases to go along with it. According to DR. Hardy Limeback's research, most American cities are purchasing an industrial grade source of fluoride to fluoridate drinking water. It comes from smokestack scrubbers that produce phosphate fertilizer, its cheaper than the pharmaceutical grade. He explains, "Tragically,that means we're not just dumping toxic fluoride into our drinking water. We're also exposing innocent, unsuspecting people to deadly elements of lead, arsenic and radium, all of them carcinogenic. Because of the cumulative properties of toxins, the detrimental effects on human health are catastrophic." But we drink it, bathe in it, wash our clothes and dishes in it without hesitation. Artificially fluoridated water is not beneficial to our health and naturally occurring fluoride is not essential for ANY living thing, and that should be common knowledge.
Acceptable amounts of fluoride to ingest is 1 part per million of water. More than 2 PPM has been ruled toxic. Acceptable levels allowed in our tap water have been rising, and more than 90 percent of our public water is fluoridated, so our food is grown with it, soda, soup, all canned with it, we are being bombarded with fluoride. Unfortunately, we have no way of knowing how much of the toxic fluoride we have stored in our bodies, it stays in your body, for unknown period's of time. "Half of all ingested fluoride remains in the skeletal system and accumulates with age" Dr. Hardy Limeback
Last year the National Research Council released the report: "Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards." The report said too much fluoride for babies is toxic. It advised parents feeding babies powdered formula to prepare it with un-fluoridated bottled water. Yet on our grocery store shelves we have "nursery water" a brand aimed at formula fed babies, loaded with fluoride. The report was released, with little or no mention. This is INCREDIBLY dangerous, yet, the public draws a blank. Its no surprise we are being misled, the whole operation is confusing. Seven months after that report the FDA gave manufacturers of bottled water permission to print claims on their labels that drinking fluoridated water may reduce the risk of dental caries or tooth decay. Instead of the DANGER warning fluoridated water should have gotten, artificial water fluoridation gets the FDA golden seal of greatness. Currently bottled water remains virtually unregulated. "43 of 50 states have the equivalent of fewer than a single staff person dedicated to regulating bottled water."
The lawmakers are not looking to protect, but to harm, and they are preying on your inability to stay informed, drowning out the necessary information we need to make decisions. We just file in as complacent as the fluoride will get us, believing that no one would ever harm us...the government would never allow it. Do the research, WE are allowing it. In 1992, three counties of New Jersey had almost seven times the osteosarcoma (bone cancer) rate in males in the fluoridated communities compared to the non-fluoridated communities. It's a proven carcinogen...still they fluoridate.
In 1931 ALCOA, the worlds largest aluminum producer, was polluting the water with sodium fuoride, children's teeth were turning yellow, because of the high levels found in the water supply. Sodium fluoride is a toxic pollutant, an aluminum by product, the same type of fluoride that is found in toothpaste. Look a little closer at the tube of toothpaste, you will find the phone number for poison control, "toothpaste overdose" can cause convulsions, and a break down of your nervous and digestive systems, along with difficulty breathing. The amounts we pollute our bodies with everyday are harmful, and we feel the effects of the poison, without recognition, fluoride lowers your IQ and it is a main component of anti-psychotic drugs, extremely dangerous for our children. We are drugged, like patients in a sanatorium, with little resistance.
Fluoridated water is a tool of control, the benefits to the the masses are non existent, the benefits to a government trying to CONTROL the masses are endless. In the 1930's Hitler created his plan of control, and force alone was not going to be enough. The plan involved what they called "water medication" (we call it "water fluoridation"). The Nazi's would contaminate the water supply to make the people docile (and sterilize them as well).
Most of Europe does not (openly) fluoridate their water. The UK, however has unknown amounts of Prozac in their water, and its basic ingredient is fluoride, so basically they are being medicated by the government as well. We have been conned. Water Fluoridation is destroying the will of the people. It is just one of the tools that is being used against the population, it's slowing us down. In order to Fight the tyranny, first we must remove the fluoride, how can you willing ingest something that will make you less smart? You can't, its suicide. Filter your water. Don't go willingly.
Thursday, January 10, 2008
The Merchants of AIDS - full article
by Clark Henderson
The entry into the age of aids was quiet. Perhaps in 1976 the virus, carried by some foreigner, arrived in America. It is not my purpose to discuss the spread of the AIDS epidemic; that has already been done in books like And the Band Played On by Randy Shilts and History of AIDS by Mirko Grmek. My focus is the hidden side of AIDS, which has not been exposed in any book to my knowledge.
PREPARING FOR AN EPIDEMIC
There is documented evidence that a disease which could be recognized as AIDS has been worked on for years. Testimony before a sub-committee of the House Appropriations Committee, in Washington, D.C., in 1969, for Department of Defense appropriations for 1970, stated:
Within the next 5 to 10 years, it would probably be possible to make a new infective micro-organism which could differ in certain important respects from any known disease-causing organisms. Most important of these is that it might be refractory to the immunological and therapeutic processes upon which we depend to maintain our relative freedom from infectious disease. (R. Harris and J. Paxman, A Higher Form of Killing, 1982, p. 241)
The money was approved! By 1972, this potential new micro-organism was described so clearly that there is little doubt that it is AIDS:
An attempt should be made to ascertain whether viruses can in fact exert selective effects on immune function, e.g., by . . . affecting T cell function as opposed to B cell function. The possibility should also be looked into that the immune response to the virus itself may also be impaired if the infecting virus damages more or less selectively the cells responding to the viral antigens.
This is beyond question a clinical description of the function of the AIDS virus! But it appeared, of all places, in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol. 47, pp. 257-74, in 1972.
DELIBERATE MISINFORMATION
The ground was carefully prepared beforehand. Sexual promiscuity was encouraged by slogans, such as "There is nothing to be afraid of; there never was," meaning that all sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) could now be cured. The effectiveness of this propaganda can be judged by Michael Callen's remark in Surviving AIDS: ". . . Gee! Every time I get the clap [gonorrhea] I'm striking a blow for the sexual revolution!"
WITHHOLDING INFORMATION ON THE NEW DISEASE
This policy would prove the most effective of all in facilitating the spread of AIDS. Even when people began to come down with AIDS, nothing was done! The Center for Disease Control (CDC) alone reacted, but was hampered in its efforts to realize that an entirely new disease had appeared on the scene.
This should be contrasted with the reaction to another disease which occurred in the same time frame: Legionaire's Disease. When the first outbreak of this happened in a Philadelphia hotel, nobody had the faintest idea what it was. There were even speculations that it was caused by a poisonous gas. But in six months, the disease was found to be caused by a bacterium.
Does anyone suppose that AIDS could not have been determined earlier? Granted, it is far more difficult to identify a virus, but there have been several outbreaks of tropical hemorrhagic fevers in this country which were isolated and identified quickly.
THE PROPAGANDA OF HOPELESSNESS
This has been well described by Michael Callen in Surviving AIDS. All this propaganda is based on the claim that AIDS has a 100% mortality rate. Granted, it has a high mortality rate, about 85-90%. But a "Guaranteed-to-Die-or-Your-Money-Back" policy was pursued. A formula, AIDS = Death, was used, and the media used it to spread the gloom and doom scenario. Also, one might speculate on the connection of the immune system and the mental state; those who are convinced they are going to die may well die more easily.
LIES AND RIDICULE OF THOSE AFFLICTED
Again, this is well covered by Michael Callen. People who developed symptoms of AIDS were subjected to endless distortion in the press. One headline about a female doctor who had AIDS was: "Dying AIDS Doc's Agony," although the woman concerned, a Dr. Veronica Prego, seemed quite healthy.
According to Callen, the words "dying," and "deadly" appeared five times in the brief article! Why the overkill? Why is it so important that people with AIDS must be depicted as being in agony when they are not? Can one imagine a cancer patient being treated in this manner? Those taking photographs of people with AIDS would refuse to take them if the person did not have the lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma visible enough, or if the person was not considered wasted away enough! Does not this suggest a covert propaganda campaign that AIDS = Death?
DELIBERATE REFUSAL OF DRUGS IN GOVERNMENT AIDS STUDIES
The best example of this is the refusal to provide prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) of people who had AIDS. The drug sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) can prevent PCP appearing in immunocompromised individuals, but as of early 1989, more than 30,000 Americans died of AIDS-associated PCP. More importantly, in May 1987, when AIDS activists met with Dr. Anthony Fauci to beg him to issue interim guidelines to physicians for patients at high risk for PCP, he refused. Why? His reason-no data. At that time some 13,600 people had died of PCP; subsequently, another 17,000 died by February 1989. And no doubt many more have died since.
I do not have to look too hard to see the signs of a deliberate extermination policy.
CHARACTER ASSASSINATION OF PEOPLE WITH AIDS
This was done partly by ignoring such people, so that they could not be heard by the public, and partly by ridiculing them. Michael Callen relates the tale of what happened when People With AIDS (PWA) tried to set up an organization apart from the Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC): "Ultimately, GMHC succeeded in destroying the first organized incarnation of PWA self-empowerment in New York through a two-pronged strategy of alternately ignoring us and ridiculing us." He observes that GMHC failed to put a person with AIDS on its board of directors until 1987, until the disease was really widespread. Why?
COPING UP DR. KOOP
In the United States of America, there is one man designated to inform the public of the presence of infectious diseases: the Surgeon General. Working under the Secretary of Health, his job is to issue reports on epidemics, particularly new epidemics that affect the public health. In this way, no new disease can arise in the United States without the Surgeon General being aware of it and alerting the public in news conferences.
Thus the public should have been informed about AIDS in 1981 by Surgeon General C. Everett Koop, M.D., who was fearless, outspoken, and honest. Koop was originally chosen by the Reagan administration because he was opposed to abortion; much too late that administration realized that he was an honest man who would not fail to speak out on AIDS just because it was then regarded as a "gay disease."
What they did to prevent him speaking out is best told in Koop's own words:
By August 1981, I and others who were paying attention to the unusual news from the CDC (Center for Disease Control) learned that there were 108 cases of AIDS reported with 43 dead. I knew we were in big trouble. And there was nothing I could do about it. I was not yet the Surgeon General, and all through the summer and autumn of 1981 I was preoccupied by my long struggle to win confirmation. But I realized that if ever there was a disease made for a Surgeon General, it was AIDS. The Surgeon General is mandated by Congress to inform the American people about the prevention of disease and the promotion of health. If ever there was a public in need of education and straight talk about AIDS, it was the American people.
But for an astonishing five and a half years I was completely cut off from AIDS. I was told by the Assistant Secretary for Health, my immediate boss, that I would not be assigned to cover AIDS. The department took its cue from him. Even though the Centers for Disease Control commissioned the first AIDS task force as early as June 1981, I, as Surgeon General, was not allowed to speak about AIDS publicly until the second Reagan term. Whenever I spoke on a health issue at a press conference or on a network morning TV show, the government public affairs people told the media in advance that I would not answer questions on AIDS, and I was not to be asked any questions on the subject. I have never understood why these peculiar restraints were placed on me. And although I have sought to find the explanation, I still don't know the answer. (C. Everett Koop, The Memoirs of America's Family Doctor, pp 195-96)
SQUELCHING DR. LOGAN
One other person who might have stopped the spread of AIDS was also effectively dealt with. He had rediscovered hyperthermia, a technique of heating a person's blood to temperatures produced by tropical fevers such as malaria. The technique was employed early in the twentieth century to treat syphilis and cancer, but later in the century fell into disuse. Hyperthermia works by fooling the body into thinking it is faced with a deadly tropical fever, and under those circumstances it will produce substances that will combat such diseases and also effectively work on cancer cells. More recently in the 1990s, hyperthermia has been used as a treatment for Lyme disease.
In the first half of 1990 Dr. William Logan, a heart surgeon at Atlanta Hospital in Georgia, treated two AIDS patients with hyperthermia; one of them had visible improvement in his condition and proclaimed himself cured of AIDS; the other one was largely unchanged following the treatment. Dr. Logan heated the blood to 108°F for five hours in these two cases and proposed to treat fifty other patients with AIDS, using hyperthermia.
But when Dr. Logan told the Georgia AIDS Task Force in August 1990 of his plans, and indicated that two university medical centers were in negotiations to test fifty people with AIDS, he was "sat on." Investigators from the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)-a leading government AIDS research agency-blasted his ideas. They said that hyperthermia "appears to have offered no clinical, immunologic or virological benefits." They implied that the one person wasn't suffering from Kaposi's sarcoma, and that there was no reason "for further human experimentation in this area at this time."
Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of NIAID, accused Dr. Logan of raising false hopes in AIDS-infected individuals. Dr. Logan could scarcely hide his anger: "I am totally flabbergasted," he said, adding that the report would almost certainly prevent any more work in the field of hyperthermia. He added, "This is why I am so terribly upset . . . I'm going to fight this every way I can, but I don't know what we're going to do."
If Dr. Logan had been allowed to go ahead with his proposed tests, we might have a treatment for AIDS, a treatment that is simple and does not require high technology. But Dr. Logan had been squelched, firmly and completely.
The American government's lack of action concerning AIDS is incomprehensible-unless it is a deliberate policy to spread the disease. I suspect that is the case because of information that came to me quite accidentally many years ago. Here is the story:
COVERT AGENCY RESEARCH
In the summer of 1955 I was invited to spend an evening with "Raymond," a French mining engineer who had spent his entire professional life in Africa. At that time he was about 63-65 years old.
During the course of the evening's discussion, Raymond suddenly asked me if I believed in the stories of "germ warfare" in Korea during that conflict. When I asked for proof, he showed me a 1/4 inch thick, typed manuscript, part of which had been copied from the original source, and part abstracted. At the end of that manuscript was a few pages of work on the "skinny disease" from which people wasted away and died. A table of hyperthermia tests indicated that heating the blood to 110° for 4 hours would arrest the disease.
"Where did this material come from," I asked. Raymond answered that he had worked in West Africa when young, then moved to South Africa and spent at least 25 years working in a gold mine there. In 1950, after the British lost political control in South Africa, he moved to take a consulting job in Kolwezi, a copper-mining town in what is now Zaire.
Shortly after arriving there he was approached by two people. The first person, an American of German descent (very likely Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, the CIA's resident expert on toxins, poisons, and diseases) did almost all of the talking. The other fellow said very little at the time. The first person said he wanted Raymond to translate medical scientific research papers into English, using as an inducement, fees well above normal and payable in advance-highly unusual. Raymond spoke English and French perfectly and also knew German as well as other languages, including African. Although he did not like this person of German descent (this was only 5 years after WW II), Raymond agreed to do the work. All of it was done well in advance of the deadline, neatly typed. He did not see the person who assigned him his work again. New papers, brought three times a year by the second person, were so processed, paid for each time in advance. All of them were from European medical publications.
This continued for five years until early in 1955. At that time the courier made an unexpected visit. He was upset and distraught, and did not stay long. He just picked up the metal box with translated papers, put another down, and left in a hurry. When Raymond opened the metal box, he found the new medical research papers to be translated, but he also found other things too. One in particular, about two centimeters thick, contained what can best be described as a proposal for the "cold war," written or printed between February and June, 1948. The other important material was a "progress report," apparently written late in 1954.
Raymond realized that these were highly classified materials, and disliking both people associated with them, decided to copy them out. Some of it he typed out in full, and some of it he condensed. The copies he showed me contained many sections of the proposal, but the very last one contained a hypothetical scenario on what would happen if a new type of venereal disease were to be introduced into modern society. Drawing mainly on syphilis as a model, it argued that such a disease would spread preferentially among the more promiscuous sections of society, namely "left-wing" types. There was no mention of homosexuality, no doubt because of the time it was written. The study did mention, however, that in such an eventuality "there would be large numbers of innocent victims."
Right after this section was a short paper, apparently written in late 1954 or early 1955. The first paragraph contained a description of both the mental and physical symptoms of the "skinny disease," spread by con-tamined blood, from which people wasted away and died. The main feature of this progress report was some tests that had been carried out on what was clearly AIDS-infected blood. Whoever carried out these tests was thinking even in 1954 of a cancer-causing virus. It is well known that cancer cells are more susceptible to heat than normal ones.
What got my attention was a figure showing a plot of tests done; time was plotted on the horizontal axis, and temperature on the vertical one, in steps of 5° F. From this it was clear that after heating the blood to a temperature of 110° F for 4 hours, those so treated were not infectious. That is, their blood would no longer transmit this disease. Was Dr. Logan so far off track then, 35 years later, when he wanted to test hyperthermia as a treatment for AIDS? Did NAID and Dr. Anthony Fauci know that this treatment had shown promising results decades earlier when a secret government agency was working on it? In 1956 Raymond, who was very interested in witch doctors and what they could do, told me a tale about an African courtesan who cast a magic spell on her sexual partners, protecting them from ever suffering from the "skinny disease." Updated into this decade, it would appear she had Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), which apparently immunizes against AIDS. By sleeping with each of them for a week, she transmitted it to her clients. Mirko Grmek, in his History of Aids, confirms that this disease was known in parts of Africa at that time (the 1950s).
MODERN RESEARCH
In our time, Myron Essex and his team at the Harvard School of Public Health has confirmed that prostitutes in parts of West Africa, though infected with AIDS, remain healthy, apparently because they already had SIV. Essex and his group have been studying 4,300 people living in West Africa, where a large proportion of the population is infected with the SIV virus. He has already demonstrated two things (my inference is in parentheses after each):
1. The lifespans of people in that region who are infected with the SIV virus and those who are not infected, are the same. (Hence SIV is harmless to humans.)
2. People infected with the SIV virus do not develop AIDS. (Because they are immune to it.)
Then another piece of work by Essex and his team was published recently. In this latest work, Essex has concentrated upon a group of prostitutes in the West African nation of Senegal, who are infected with the SIV virus. Now these women have multiple sexual partners each night, and as AIDS has spread to that country now, obviously some of their clients must have the early states of AIDS. But according to the article, "During the 18 months that the women have been studied . . . they have not shown even subtle signs of immune suppression, which would be detectable in individuals infected with [AIDS] itself for that long." They are immune to AIDS and presumably transmit the immunity agent-SIV virus-to their clients.
TEST THE THEORY The theory could be easily tested to see if inoculating people with SIV virus would work the same way as cowpox did for smallpox: confer immunity against it without harming people. References to the beneficial properties of cowpox in England can be traced back to the 1300s and certainly by the early 1700s every milkmaid in England knew what no doctor did, that cowpox protected against smallpox.
Here is a method of testing whether SIV virus confers immunity against AIDS;
1. Select large group of sexually active people, male and female; include both heterosexuals and homosexuals.
2. Test the blood of all the volunteers for AIDS. Reject those testing positive. Request all test subjects to have no sexual partners until told otherwise.
3. Wait six months. Again test blood of all remaining volunteers for AIDS. Again, reject any who test positive at this stage.
4. Inject all remaining volunteers with blood containing SIV virus obtained from people in West Africa. Again instruct participants to have no sexual partners until told otherwise.
5. Wait 6 months, then test blood of all volunteers to confirm that they have produced antibodies to the SIV virus.
6. Instruct all volunteers to resume normal sexual behavior, the same as they were doing before being selected.
7. Periodically monitor the blood of participants to see if there is any sign of immune system suppression.
8. Follow up with repeated tests until it becomes clear whether these people are immune to AIDS. The official position of the U.S. government indicates that nothing is going to be done for those who have AIDS. The National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, a private organization which provides scientific advice to the federal government, in February 1993 said, "Despite thousands of deaths and an aura of national health emergency, the AIDS epidemic will have little impact on the lives of most Americans or the way society functions" because AIDS is concentrated "among socially marginalized groups who have little economic, political and social power."
Now we know what it feels like to be a Jew in Nazi Germany!
REFERENCES:
Max Essex and Phyllis J. Kanki, "Origins of the AIDS Virus," Scientific American, October 1988, pp. 64-71. P.J. Kanki, M. F. McLane, N.W. King, Jr., N.
L. Levin, R.D. Hunt, P. Sehgal, M.D. Daniel, R. C. Desrosiers, and M. Essex, "Serologic Identification and Characterization of a Macaque T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus Closely Related to Human HTLV-III," Science, Vol. 228, No. 4707, June 7, 1985, pp. 1199-1201.
P.J. Kanki, J. Alroy, and M. Essex, "Isolation of T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus Related to HTLV-III/LAV from Wild-Caught African Green Monkeys," Science, Vol. 230, No. 4728, November 22, 1985, pp. 951-954.
F. Barin, S. M'Boup, F. Denis, P. Kanki, J.S. Allen, T.H. Lee, and M. Essex, "Serologic Evidence for Virus Related to Simian T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus III in Residents of West Africa," The Lancet, Vol 2 for 1985, December 21/28, 1985, pp. 1387-89.
Phyllis J. Kanki and others, "Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 4 and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in West Africa," Science, Vol. 236, No. 4803, May 15, 1987, pp. 827-831.
Richard G. Marlink and others, "Clinical, Hematologic, and Immunologic Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Individuals Exposed to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2)," in Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, Vol. 4, No. 2,
April 1988, pp. 137-148.
Original article: http://www.sonic.net/~doretk/ArchiveARCHIVE/Aids/TheMerchantsofAIDS.html
The entry into the age of aids was quiet. Perhaps in 1976 the virus, carried by some foreigner, arrived in America. It is not my purpose to discuss the spread of the AIDS epidemic; that has already been done in books like And the Band Played On by Randy Shilts and History of AIDS by Mirko Grmek. My focus is the hidden side of AIDS, which has not been exposed in any book to my knowledge.
PREPARING FOR AN EPIDEMIC
There is documented evidence that a disease which could be recognized as AIDS has been worked on for years. Testimony before a sub-committee of the House Appropriations Committee, in Washington, D.C., in 1969, for Department of Defense appropriations for 1970, stated:
Within the next 5 to 10 years, it would probably be possible to make a new infective micro-organism which could differ in certain important respects from any known disease-causing organisms. Most important of these is that it might be refractory to the immunological and therapeutic processes upon which we depend to maintain our relative freedom from infectious disease. (R. Harris and J. Paxman, A Higher Form of Killing, 1982, p. 241)
The money was approved! By 1972, this potential new micro-organism was described so clearly that there is little doubt that it is AIDS:
An attempt should be made to ascertain whether viruses can in fact exert selective effects on immune function, e.g., by . . . affecting T cell function as opposed to B cell function. The possibility should also be looked into that the immune response to the virus itself may also be impaired if the infecting virus damages more or less selectively the cells responding to the viral antigens.
This is beyond question a clinical description of the function of the AIDS virus! But it appeared, of all places, in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol. 47, pp. 257-74, in 1972.
DELIBERATE MISINFORMATION
The ground was carefully prepared beforehand. Sexual promiscuity was encouraged by slogans, such as "There is nothing to be afraid of; there never was," meaning that all sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) could now be cured. The effectiveness of this propaganda can be judged by Michael Callen's remark in Surviving AIDS: ". . . Gee! Every time I get the clap [gonorrhea] I'm striking a blow for the sexual revolution!"
WITHHOLDING INFORMATION ON THE NEW DISEASE
This policy would prove the most effective of all in facilitating the spread of AIDS. Even when people began to come down with AIDS, nothing was done! The Center for Disease Control (CDC) alone reacted, but was hampered in its efforts to realize that an entirely new disease had appeared on the scene.
This should be contrasted with the reaction to another disease which occurred in the same time frame: Legionaire's Disease. When the first outbreak of this happened in a Philadelphia hotel, nobody had the faintest idea what it was. There were even speculations that it was caused by a poisonous gas. But in six months, the disease was found to be caused by a bacterium.
Does anyone suppose that AIDS could not have been determined earlier? Granted, it is far more difficult to identify a virus, but there have been several outbreaks of tropical hemorrhagic fevers in this country which were isolated and identified quickly.
THE PROPAGANDA OF HOPELESSNESS
This has been well described by Michael Callen in Surviving AIDS. All this propaganda is based on the claim that AIDS has a 100% mortality rate. Granted, it has a high mortality rate, about 85-90%. But a "Guaranteed-to-Die-or-Your-Money-Back" policy was pursued. A formula, AIDS = Death, was used, and the media used it to spread the gloom and doom scenario. Also, one might speculate on the connection of the immune system and the mental state; those who are convinced they are going to die may well die more easily.
LIES AND RIDICULE OF THOSE AFFLICTED
Again, this is well covered by Michael Callen. People who developed symptoms of AIDS were subjected to endless distortion in the press. One headline about a female doctor who had AIDS was: "Dying AIDS Doc's Agony," although the woman concerned, a Dr. Veronica Prego, seemed quite healthy.
According to Callen, the words "dying," and "deadly" appeared five times in the brief article! Why the overkill? Why is it so important that people with AIDS must be depicted as being in agony when they are not? Can one imagine a cancer patient being treated in this manner? Those taking photographs of people with AIDS would refuse to take them if the person did not have the lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma visible enough, or if the person was not considered wasted away enough! Does not this suggest a covert propaganda campaign that AIDS = Death?
DELIBERATE REFUSAL OF DRUGS IN GOVERNMENT AIDS STUDIES
The best example of this is the refusal to provide prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) of people who had AIDS. The drug sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) can prevent PCP appearing in immunocompromised individuals, but as of early 1989, more than 30,000 Americans died of AIDS-associated PCP. More importantly, in May 1987, when AIDS activists met with Dr. Anthony Fauci to beg him to issue interim guidelines to physicians for patients at high risk for PCP, he refused. Why? His reason-no data. At that time some 13,600 people had died of PCP; subsequently, another 17,000 died by February 1989. And no doubt many more have died since.
I do not have to look too hard to see the signs of a deliberate extermination policy.
CHARACTER ASSASSINATION OF PEOPLE WITH AIDS
This was done partly by ignoring such people, so that they could not be heard by the public, and partly by ridiculing them. Michael Callen relates the tale of what happened when People With AIDS (PWA) tried to set up an organization apart from the Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC): "Ultimately, GMHC succeeded in destroying the first organized incarnation of PWA self-empowerment in New York through a two-pronged strategy of alternately ignoring us and ridiculing us." He observes that GMHC failed to put a person with AIDS on its board of directors until 1987, until the disease was really widespread. Why?
COPING UP DR. KOOP
In the United States of America, there is one man designated to inform the public of the presence of infectious diseases: the Surgeon General. Working under the Secretary of Health, his job is to issue reports on epidemics, particularly new epidemics that affect the public health. In this way, no new disease can arise in the United States without the Surgeon General being aware of it and alerting the public in news conferences.
Thus the public should have been informed about AIDS in 1981 by Surgeon General C. Everett Koop, M.D., who was fearless, outspoken, and honest. Koop was originally chosen by the Reagan administration because he was opposed to abortion; much too late that administration realized that he was an honest man who would not fail to speak out on AIDS just because it was then regarded as a "gay disease."
What they did to prevent him speaking out is best told in Koop's own words:
By August 1981, I and others who were paying attention to the unusual news from the CDC (Center for Disease Control) learned that there were 108 cases of AIDS reported with 43 dead. I knew we were in big trouble. And there was nothing I could do about it. I was not yet the Surgeon General, and all through the summer and autumn of 1981 I was preoccupied by my long struggle to win confirmation. But I realized that if ever there was a disease made for a Surgeon General, it was AIDS. The Surgeon General is mandated by Congress to inform the American people about the prevention of disease and the promotion of health. If ever there was a public in need of education and straight talk about AIDS, it was the American people.
But for an astonishing five and a half years I was completely cut off from AIDS. I was told by the Assistant Secretary for Health, my immediate boss, that I would not be assigned to cover AIDS. The department took its cue from him. Even though the Centers for Disease Control commissioned the first AIDS task force as early as June 1981, I, as Surgeon General, was not allowed to speak about AIDS publicly until the second Reagan term. Whenever I spoke on a health issue at a press conference or on a network morning TV show, the government public affairs people told the media in advance that I would not answer questions on AIDS, and I was not to be asked any questions on the subject. I have never understood why these peculiar restraints were placed on me. And although I have sought to find the explanation, I still don't know the answer. (C. Everett Koop, The Memoirs of America's Family Doctor, pp 195-96)
SQUELCHING DR. LOGAN
One other person who might have stopped the spread of AIDS was also effectively dealt with. He had rediscovered hyperthermia, a technique of heating a person's blood to temperatures produced by tropical fevers such as malaria. The technique was employed early in the twentieth century to treat syphilis and cancer, but later in the century fell into disuse. Hyperthermia works by fooling the body into thinking it is faced with a deadly tropical fever, and under those circumstances it will produce substances that will combat such diseases and also effectively work on cancer cells. More recently in the 1990s, hyperthermia has been used as a treatment for Lyme disease.
In the first half of 1990 Dr. William Logan, a heart surgeon at Atlanta Hospital in Georgia, treated two AIDS patients with hyperthermia; one of them had visible improvement in his condition and proclaimed himself cured of AIDS; the other one was largely unchanged following the treatment. Dr. Logan heated the blood to 108°F for five hours in these two cases and proposed to treat fifty other patients with AIDS, using hyperthermia.
But when Dr. Logan told the Georgia AIDS Task Force in August 1990 of his plans, and indicated that two university medical centers were in negotiations to test fifty people with AIDS, he was "sat on." Investigators from the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)-a leading government AIDS research agency-blasted his ideas. They said that hyperthermia "appears to have offered no clinical, immunologic or virological benefits." They implied that the one person wasn't suffering from Kaposi's sarcoma, and that there was no reason "for further human experimentation in this area at this time."
Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of NIAID, accused Dr. Logan of raising false hopes in AIDS-infected individuals. Dr. Logan could scarcely hide his anger: "I am totally flabbergasted," he said, adding that the report would almost certainly prevent any more work in the field of hyperthermia. He added, "This is why I am so terribly upset . . . I'm going to fight this every way I can, but I don't know what we're going to do."
If Dr. Logan had been allowed to go ahead with his proposed tests, we might have a treatment for AIDS, a treatment that is simple and does not require high technology. But Dr. Logan had been squelched, firmly and completely.
The American government's lack of action concerning AIDS is incomprehensible-unless it is a deliberate policy to spread the disease. I suspect that is the case because of information that came to me quite accidentally many years ago. Here is the story:
COVERT AGENCY RESEARCH
In the summer of 1955 I was invited to spend an evening with "Raymond," a French mining engineer who had spent his entire professional life in Africa. At that time he was about 63-65 years old.
During the course of the evening's discussion, Raymond suddenly asked me if I believed in the stories of "germ warfare" in Korea during that conflict. When I asked for proof, he showed me a 1/4 inch thick, typed manuscript, part of which had been copied from the original source, and part abstracted. At the end of that manuscript was a few pages of work on the "skinny disease" from which people wasted away and died. A table of hyperthermia tests indicated that heating the blood to 110° for 4 hours would arrest the disease.
"Where did this material come from," I asked. Raymond answered that he had worked in West Africa when young, then moved to South Africa and spent at least 25 years working in a gold mine there. In 1950, after the British lost political control in South Africa, he moved to take a consulting job in Kolwezi, a copper-mining town in what is now Zaire.
Shortly after arriving there he was approached by two people. The first person, an American of German descent (very likely Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, the CIA's resident expert on toxins, poisons, and diseases) did almost all of the talking. The other fellow said very little at the time. The first person said he wanted Raymond to translate medical scientific research papers into English, using as an inducement, fees well above normal and payable in advance-highly unusual. Raymond spoke English and French perfectly and also knew German as well as other languages, including African. Although he did not like this person of German descent (this was only 5 years after WW II), Raymond agreed to do the work. All of it was done well in advance of the deadline, neatly typed. He did not see the person who assigned him his work again. New papers, brought three times a year by the second person, were so processed, paid for each time in advance. All of them were from European medical publications.
This continued for five years until early in 1955. At that time the courier made an unexpected visit. He was upset and distraught, and did not stay long. He just picked up the metal box with translated papers, put another down, and left in a hurry. When Raymond opened the metal box, he found the new medical research papers to be translated, but he also found other things too. One in particular, about two centimeters thick, contained what can best be described as a proposal for the "cold war," written or printed between February and June, 1948. The other important material was a "progress report," apparently written late in 1954.
Raymond realized that these were highly classified materials, and disliking both people associated with them, decided to copy them out. Some of it he typed out in full, and some of it he condensed. The copies he showed me contained many sections of the proposal, but the very last one contained a hypothetical scenario on what would happen if a new type of venereal disease were to be introduced into modern society. Drawing mainly on syphilis as a model, it argued that such a disease would spread preferentially among the more promiscuous sections of society, namely "left-wing" types. There was no mention of homosexuality, no doubt because of the time it was written. The study did mention, however, that in such an eventuality "there would be large numbers of innocent victims."
Right after this section was a short paper, apparently written in late 1954 or early 1955. The first paragraph contained a description of both the mental and physical symptoms of the "skinny disease," spread by con-tamined blood, from which people wasted away and died. The main feature of this progress report was some tests that had been carried out on what was clearly AIDS-infected blood. Whoever carried out these tests was thinking even in 1954 of a cancer-causing virus. It is well known that cancer cells are more susceptible to heat than normal ones.
What got my attention was a figure showing a plot of tests done; time was plotted on the horizontal axis, and temperature on the vertical one, in steps of 5° F. From this it was clear that after heating the blood to a temperature of 110° F for 4 hours, those so treated were not infectious. That is, their blood would no longer transmit this disease. Was Dr. Logan so far off track then, 35 years later, when he wanted to test hyperthermia as a treatment for AIDS? Did NAID and Dr. Anthony Fauci know that this treatment had shown promising results decades earlier when a secret government agency was working on it? In 1956 Raymond, who was very interested in witch doctors and what they could do, told me a tale about an African courtesan who cast a magic spell on her sexual partners, protecting them from ever suffering from the "skinny disease." Updated into this decade, it would appear she had Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), which apparently immunizes against AIDS. By sleeping with each of them for a week, she transmitted it to her clients. Mirko Grmek, in his History of Aids, confirms that this disease was known in parts of Africa at that time (the 1950s).
MODERN RESEARCH
In our time, Myron Essex and his team at the Harvard School of Public Health has confirmed that prostitutes in parts of West Africa, though infected with AIDS, remain healthy, apparently because they already had SIV. Essex and his group have been studying 4,300 people living in West Africa, where a large proportion of the population is infected with the SIV virus. He has already demonstrated two things (my inference is in parentheses after each):
1. The lifespans of people in that region who are infected with the SIV virus and those who are not infected, are the same. (Hence SIV is harmless to humans.)
2. People infected with the SIV virus do not develop AIDS. (Because they are immune to it.)
Then another piece of work by Essex and his team was published recently. In this latest work, Essex has concentrated upon a group of prostitutes in the West African nation of Senegal, who are infected with the SIV virus. Now these women have multiple sexual partners each night, and as AIDS has spread to that country now, obviously some of their clients must have the early states of AIDS. But according to the article, "During the 18 months that the women have been studied . . . they have not shown even subtle signs of immune suppression, which would be detectable in individuals infected with [AIDS] itself for that long." They are immune to AIDS and presumably transmit the immunity agent-SIV virus-to their clients.
TEST THE THEORY The theory could be easily tested to see if inoculating people with SIV virus would work the same way as cowpox did for smallpox: confer immunity against it without harming people. References to the beneficial properties of cowpox in England can be traced back to the 1300s and certainly by the early 1700s every milkmaid in England knew what no doctor did, that cowpox protected against smallpox.
Here is a method of testing whether SIV virus confers immunity against AIDS;
1. Select large group of sexually active people, male and female; include both heterosexuals and homosexuals.
2. Test the blood of all the volunteers for AIDS. Reject those testing positive. Request all test subjects to have no sexual partners until told otherwise.
3. Wait six months. Again test blood of all remaining volunteers for AIDS. Again, reject any who test positive at this stage.
4. Inject all remaining volunteers with blood containing SIV virus obtained from people in West Africa. Again instruct participants to have no sexual partners until told otherwise.
5. Wait 6 months, then test blood of all volunteers to confirm that they have produced antibodies to the SIV virus.
6. Instruct all volunteers to resume normal sexual behavior, the same as they were doing before being selected.
7. Periodically monitor the blood of participants to see if there is any sign of immune system suppression.
8. Follow up with repeated tests until it becomes clear whether these people are immune to AIDS. The official position of the U.S. government indicates that nothing is going to be done for those who have AIDS. The National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, a private organization which provides scientific advice to the federal government, in February 1993 said, "Despite thousands of deaths and an aura of national health emergency, the AIDS epidemic will have little impact on the lives of most Americans or the way society functions" because AIDS is concentrated "among socially marginalized groups who have little economic, political and social power."
Now we know what it feels like to be a Jew in Nazi Germany!
REFERENCES:
Max Essex and Phyllis J. Kanki, "Origins of the AIDS Virus," Scientific American, October 1988, pp. 64-71. P.J. Kanki, M. F. McLane, N.W. King, Jr., N.
L. Levin, R.D. Hunt, P. Sehgal, M.D. Daniel, R. C. Desrosiers, and M. Essex, "Serologic Identification and Characterization of a Macaque T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus Closely Related to Human HTLV-III," Science, Vol. 228, No. 4707, June 7, 1985, pp. 1199-1201.
P.J. Kanki, J. Alroy, and M. Essex, "Isolation of T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus Related to HTLV-III/LAV from Wild-Caught African Green Monkeys," Science, Vol. 230, No. 4728, November 22, 1985, pp. 951-954.
F. Barin, S. M'Boup, F. Denis, P. Kanki, J.S. Allen, T.H. Lee, and M. Essex, "Serologic Evidence for Virus Related to Simian T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus III in Residents of West Africa," The Lancet, Vol 2 for 1985, December 21/28, 1985, pp. 1387-89.
Phyllis J. Kanki and others, "Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 4 and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in West Africa," Science, Vol. 236, No. 4803, May 15, 1987, pp. 827-831.
Richard G. Marlink and others, "Clinical, Hematologic, and Immunologic Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Individuals Exposed to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2)," in Aids Research and Human Retroviruses, Vol. 4, No. 2,
April 1988, pp. 137-148.
Original article: http://www.sonic.net/~doretk/ArchiveARCHIVE/Aids/TheMerchantsofAIDS.html
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE APPROPRIATIONS FOR 1970 : The funding of the Bio-terrorism AIDS virus
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE APPROPRIATIONS FOR 1970
HEARINGS BEFORE A SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
NINETY-FIRST CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
SUBCOMMITTEE ON DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE APPROPRIATIONS
H.B. 15090
PART 5
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, TEST, AND EVALUATION
Department of the Army
Statement of Director, Advanced Research Project Agency
Statement of Director, Defense Research and Engineering
Printed for the use of the Committee on Appropriations
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1969
UNITED STATES SENATE LIBRARY
[pg.] 129 TUESDAY, JULY 1, 1969
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
There are two things about the biological agent field I would like to mention. One is the possibility of technological surprise. Molecular biology is a field that is advancing very rapidly and eminent biologists believe that within a period of 5 to 10 years it would be possible to produce a synthetic biological agent, an agent that does not naturally exist and for which no natural immunity could have been acquired.
MR. SIKES. Are we doing any work in that field?
DR. MACARTHUR. We are not.
MR. SIKES. Why not? Lack of money or lack of interest?
DR. MACARTHUR. Certainly not lack of interest.
MR. SIKES. Would you provide for our records information on what would be required, what the advantages of such a program would be, the time and the cost involved?
DR. MACARTHUR. We will be very happy to.
(The information follows:)
The dramatic progress being made in the field of molecular biology led us to investigate the relevance of this field of science to biological warfare. A small group of experts considered this matter and provided the following observations:
1. All biological agents up the the present time are representatives of naturally occurring disease, and are thus known by scientists throughout the world. They are easily available to qualified scientists for research, either for offensive or defensive purposes.
2. Within the next 5 to 10 years, it would probably be possible to make a new infective microorganism which could differ in certain important aspects from any known disease-causing organisms. Most important of these is that it might be refractory to the immunological and therapeutic processes upon which we depend to maintain our relative freedom from infectious disease.
3. A research program to explore the feasibility of this could be completed in approximately 5 years at a total cost of $10 million.
4. It would be very difficult to establish such a program. Molecular biology is a relatively new science. There are not many highly competent scientists in the field. Almost all are in university laboratories, and they are generally adequately supported from sources other than DOD. However, it was considered possible to initiate an adequate program through the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council (NAS-NRC).
The matter was discussed with the NAS-NRC, and tentative plans were plans were made to initiate the program. However decreasing funds in CB, growing criticism of the CB program, and our reluctance to involve the NAS-NRC in such a controversial endeavor have led us to postpone it for the past 2 years.
It is a highly controversial issue and there are many who believe such research should not be undertaken lest it lead to yet another method of massive killing of large populations. On the other hand, without the sure scientific knowledge that such a weapon is possible, and an understanding of the ways it could be done, there is little that can be done to devise defensive measures. Should an enemy develop it, there is little doubt that this is an important area of potential military technological inferiority in which there is no adequate research program.
Funded for $10,000 000
12/8/69 (306 yes votes 330-no votes 33)
SCANNED COPY
HEARINGS BEFORE A SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
NINETY-FIRST CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
SUBCOMMITTEE ON DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE APPROPRIATIONS
H.B. 15090
PART 5
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, TEST, AND EVALUATION
Department of the Army
Statement of Director, Advanced Research Project Agency
Statement of Director, Defense Research and Engineering
Printed for the use of the Committee on Appropriations
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1969
UNITED STATES SENATE LIBRARY
[pg.] 129 TUESDAY, JULY 1, 1969
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
There are two things about the biological agent field I would like to mention. One is the possibility of technological surprise. Molecular biology is a field that is advancing very rapidly and eminent biologists believe that within a period of 5 to 10 years it would be possible to produce a synthetic biological agent, an agent that does not naturally exist and for which no natural immunity could have been acquired.
MR. SIKES. Are we doing any work in that field?
DR. MACARTHUR. We are not.
MR. SIKES. Why not? Lack of money or lack of interest?
DR. MACARTHUR. Certainly not lack of interest.
MR. SIKES. Would you provide for our records information on what would be required, what the advantages of such a program would be, the time and the cost involved?
DR. MACARTHUR. We will be very happy to.
(The information follows:)
The dramatic progress being made in the field of molecular biology led us to investigate the relevance of this field of science to biological warfare. A small group of experts considered this matter and provided the following observations:
1. All biological agents up the the present time are representatives of naturally occurring disease, and are thus known by scientists throughout the world. They are easily available to qualified scientists for research, either for offensive or defensive purposes.
2. Within the next 5 to 10 years, it would probably be possible to make a new infective microorganism which could differ in certain important aspects from any known disease-causing organisms. Most important of these is that it might be refractory to the immunological and therapeutic processes upon which we depend to maintain our relative freedom from infectious disease.
3. A research program to explore the feasibility of this could be completed in approximately 5 years at a total cost of $10 million.
4. It would be very difficult to establish such a program. Molecular biology is a relatively new science. There are not many highly competent scientists in the field. Almost all are in university laboratories, and they are generally adequately supported from sources other than DOD. However, it was considered possible to initiate an adequate program through the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council (NAS-NRC).
The matter was discussed with the NAS-NRC, and tentative plans were plans were made to initiate the program. However decreasing funds in CB, growing criticism of the CB program, and our reluctance to involve the NAS-NRC in such a controversial endeavor have led us to postpone it for the past 2 years.
It is a highly controversial issue and there are many who believe such research should not be undertaken lest it lead to yet another method of massive killing of large populations. On the other hand, without the sure scientific knowledge that such a weapon is possible, and an understanding of the ways it could be done, there is little that can be done to devise defensive measures. Should an enemy develop it, there is little doubt that this is an important area of potential military technological inferiority in which there is no adequate research program.
Funded for $10,000 000
12/8/69 (306 yes votes 330-no votes 33)
SCANNED COPY
United States Patent 4,647,773 Gallo -Continuous production of retroviruses
United States Patent 4,647,773
Gallo , et al. March 3, 1987
________________________________________
Method of continuous production of retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS
Abstract
A cell system is disclosed for the reproducible detection and isolation of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-family) with cytopathic effects (HTLV-III) from patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), pre-AIDS and in healthy carriers. One neoplastic aneuploid T-cell line derived from an adult with lymphoid leukemia, and termed HT, was susceptible to infection with the new variants of HTLV, which are transformed and providing T-cell populations which are highly susceptible and permissive from HTLV-III, and convenience for large scale production, isolation and biological detection of the virus.
________________________________________
Inventors: Gallo; Robert C. (Bethesda, MD), Popovic; Mikulas (Bethesda, MD)
Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health (Washington, DC)
[*] Notice: The portion of the term of this patent subsequent to May 28, 2002 has been disclaimed.
Appl. No.: 06/602,946
Filed: April 23, 1984
________________________________________
Current U.S. Class: 435/239 ; 424/208.1; 435/235.1; 435/372.3; 435/948
Current International Class: C12N 5/06 (20060101); C12N 7/00 (20060101); C12N 007/02 (); C12N 007/00 (); C12N 005/00 (); C12R 001/91 ()
Field of Search: 435/235,239,240,948,5,29 424/89 128/1T
________________________________________
References Cited [Referenced By]
________________________________________
U.S. Patent Documents
4464465
August 1984 Lostrom et al.
4520113
May 1985 Gallo et al.
Other References
Popovic et al, Science, 224(4648):497-500, May 4, 1984. .
Gallo et al, "Isolation of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)", Science, 220, pp. 865-867 (5-1983). .
Barre-Sinoussi et al, "Isolation of a T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus from a Patient at Risk for AIDS", Science, 220, pp. 868-871 (5-1983). .
Marx, "Strong New Candidate for AIDS Agent", Science, 224, pp. 475-477 (5-1984)..
Primary Examiner: Warren; Charles F.
Assistant Examiner: Tarcza; John Edward
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Roberts, Jr.; John S.
________________________________________
Claims
________________________________________
We claim:
1. A method for continuous production of HTLV-III virus which comprises infecting in cell culture highly susceptible, permissive cells consisting of a neoplastic aneuploid HT-cell line with said virus, said cells preserve the capacity for permanent growth after the infection with said virus, growing said cells under conditions suitable for cell growth and recovering said virus produced by said cells.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said virus consists of cytopathic variants of HTLV.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said infecting comprises cocultivating said virus with said cells to produce a cell line and recovering said cell line.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said infecting comprises cell-free infection of said cells with said virus.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said cells are neoplastic aneuploid T-cells derived from an adult with lymphoid leukemia.
6. A process for the continuous production of HTLV-III virus which comprises cocultivating said virus with a target HT-cell to produce an infected cell line, growing said cell line and recovering said virus from supernatants produced by said cell line.
7. The process of claim 6 wherein said target T-cell is a neoplastic aneuploid T-cell susceptible to infection with HTLV-III.
8. A process for the continual production of HTLV-III by infecting T-cells in cultures which comprises cocultivating HTLV-III virus with an HT-clone to produce an infected cell line, said clone being an aneuploid T-cell line derived from lymphoid leukemia, growing said cell line and recovering said virus from supernatants produced by said cell line.
9. The process in claim 8 wherein said clone is a mature T-cell phenotype of OKT3.sup.+ (62%), OKT4.sup.+ (39%) and OKT8.sup.-.
10. A method of producing a cell line containing an antigen of HTLV-III which comprises infecting an HT-cell line derived from lymphoid leukemia and susceptible to infection with HTLV-III, said cell line is capable of continuous large-scale production of HTLV-III, and growing the infected cell line under conditions suitable for growth.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein said cell line is a neoplastic aneuploid T-cell line.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein said HTLV-III are variants of human T-lymphotropic retrovirus, exhibit cytopathic effects and are non-transforming.
13. A cell line containing HTLV-III designated H9/HTLV-III.sub.B, ATCC Accession CRL 8543.
14. A process for producing a cell line H9/HTLV-III.sub.B which comprises infecting a target T-cell with HTLV-III virus to produce a cell line and recovering same, said infecting process overcomes the normal cytopathic effect of HTLV-III and preserves the immortal growth capacity of the target cell.
15. An HT cell line permanently infected with HTLV-III virus, wherein said cell line continually produces said virus.
________________________________________
Description
________________________________________
The present invention describes a cell system for the reproducible detection and isolation of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-family) with cytopathic or cell killing effects (HTLV-III) from patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), pre-AIDS and in healthy carriers. One neoplastic aneuploid T-cell line derived from an adult with lymphoid leukemia, and termed HT, was susceptible to infection with the new variants of HTLV, providing T-cell populations which are highly susceptible and permissive for HTLV-III, and convenience for large scale production, isolation, and biological detection of the virus.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The disclosure of this invention is contained in the following journal articles: Gallo et al., "Detection, Isolation, and Continuous Production of Cytopathic Human T-Lymphotropic Retroviruses (HTLV-III) from Patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS," Science, in press; and Gallo et al., "Human T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus, HTLV-III, Isolated from AIDS Patients and Donors at Risk for AIDS," in press.
Epidemiologic data strongly suggest that acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by an infectious agent which is apparently horizontally transmitted by intimate contact or blood products. Though the disease is manifested by opportunistic infections, predominantly Pneumocystis carcinii pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma, the underlying disorder affects the patient's cell-mediated immunity with absolute lymphopenia and reduced helper T-lymphocyte (OKT4.sup.+) subpopulation(s). Moreover, before a complete clinical manifestation of the disease occurs, its prodrome, pre-AIDS, is frequently characterized by unexplained chronical lymphadenopathy and/or leukopenia involving a helper T cell subset. This leads to the severe immune deficiency of the patient, suggesting that a specific subset of T-cells is the primary target for an infectious agent. Although patients with AIDS or pre-AIDS are often chronically infected with cytomegalovirus or hepatitis B virus, for various reasons these appear to be opportunistic or coincidental infections apparently not linked to the immunological response deficiency. It is believed that the cause of AIDS may be a virus from the family of human T-cell lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV) which, prior to the present invention, comprised two major well characterized subgroups of human retroviruses, called human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma viruses, HTLV-I and HTLV-II. The most common isolate, HTLV-I, is mainly obtained from patients with mature T-cell malignancies. Seroepidemiological studies, in vitro biological effects, and nucleic acid hybridization data indicate that HTLV-I is etiologically associated with these malignancies, affecting adults primarily in the south of Japan, the Caribbean and Africa. HTLV of subgroup II (HTLV-II) was first isolated from a patient with a T-cell variant of hairy cell leukemia. To date, this is the only reported isolate of HTLV-II from a patient with a neoplastic disease. Virus isolation and seroepidemiological data show that HTLV of both subgroups can sometimes be found in patients with AIDS.
Evidence suggests that the retrovirus(es) of the HTLV family is an etiological agent of AIDS based on the following: (1) there is precedence for an animal retrovirus cause of immune deficiency (feline leukemia virus in cats); (2) retroviruses of the HTLV family are T-cell tropic; (3) they preferentially infect "helper" T-cells (OKT4.sup.+); (4) they have cytopathic effects on various human and mammalian cells as demonstrated by their induction of cell syncytia formation; (5) they can alter some T-cell functions; (6) in some cases infection may result in selective T-cell killing; and (7) they are transmitted by intimate contact or through blood products. The presence of antibodies directed to cell membrane antigens of HTLV infected cells has been shown in sera of more than 40% of patients with AIDS [Essex et al., Science, 220:859 (1983)]. This antigen has since been defined as part of the envelope of HTLV [Schupbach, et al., Science, in press; and Lee, et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., in press].
The original detection and isolation of the various HTLV isolates were made possible by two earlier developments: the discovery of T-cell growth factor (TCGF), also called Interleukin 2 (Il-2), which enabled the routine selective growth of different subsets of normal and neoplastic mature T-cells [Ruscetti, et al., J. Immunol., 119:131 (1977); and Poiesz, et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 77:6134 (1980)] and the development of sensitive assays for detection of retroviruses based on reverse transcriptase assays. The methods of HTLV isolation and transmission involved a cocultivation procedure using permissive T-cells for the virus. The use of normal human T-cells in cocultivation experiments preferentially yielded HTLV of both subgroups with immortalizing (transforming) capability for some of the target T-cells.
However, HTLV variants (now termed HTLV-III), lack immortalizing properties for normal T-cells and mainly exhibit cytopathic effects on the T-cells and is now believed to be the cause of AIDS. In fact, such variants were frequently but only transiently detected using these normal T-cells as targets in cocultivation or cell-free transmission experiments. The cytopathic effect was overcome by finding a highly susceptible, permissive cell for cytopathic variants of HTLV, thus preserving the capacity for permanent growth after infection with the virus. The present invention discloses the identification and characterization of this new immortalized T-cell population and its use in the isolation and continuous high- level production of such viruses from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS.
Early experiments identified one neoplastic aneuploid T-cell line, termed HT, derived from an adult with lymphoid leukemia, that was susceptible to infection with the new cytopathic virus isolates.
This cell line is a sensitive target for transmission of these virus isolates (HTLV-III) and it allows continuous large-scale virus production and development of specific immunologic reagents and nucleic acid probes useful for comparison of these new isolates among themselves and with HTLV-I and HTLV-II. In addition to their differences in biological effects that distinguish them from HTLV-I and HTLV-II, HTLV-III also differs from these known HTLV subgroups in several immunological assays and in morphology. However, these new retroviruses are T4 lymphotropic and exhibit many properties similar to HTLV-I and II, including similar properties of the reverse transcriptase, cross reactivity of structural proteins as determined by heterologous competition radioimmune assays with patients' sera and with animal hyperimmune sera, and induction of syncytia. These new retrovirus isolates are collectively designated HTLV-III, together with detectable differences in some of their proteins and genetic information, HTLV-III's ability to kill T-cells clearly separates these variants from other members of the HTLV family.
STATEMENT OF DEPOSIT
A cell line corresponding to the present invention, and denoted H9/HTLV-III.sub.B, has been deposited in the ATCC (under ATCC No. CRL 8543) on April 19, 1984, prior to the filing of this patent application. This deposit assures permanence of the deposit and ready accessibility thereto by the public. H9 is a representative and preferred cell line in accordance with the invention.
UTILITY STATEMENT
The cell line which is a product of the present invention (H9/HTLV-III.sub.B) is presently useful for the production of vaccines for the relief of AIDS and for the detection of antibodies to the virus in blood samples.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
A susceptible cell line HT was tested for HTLV before in vitro infection and it was negative by all criteria, including lack of proviral sequences. Continuous production of HTLV-III is obtained after repeated exposure of parental HT cells (3.times.10.sup.6 cells pretreated with polybrene) to concentrated culture fluids containing HTLV-III harvested from short term cultured T-cells (grown with TCGF) which originated from patients with pre-AIDS or AIDS. The concentrated fluids were first shown to contain particle associated reverse transcriptase (RT). When cell proliferation declined, usually 10 to 20 days after exposure to the culture fluids, the fresh (uninfected) HT parental cells are added to cultures. Culture fluids from the infected parental cell line was positive for particulate RT activity and about 20% of the infected cell population was positive in an indirect immune fluorescent assay (IFA) using serum from a hemophilia patient with pre-AIDS (patient E.T.). Serum from E.T. also contained antibodies to proteins of disrupted HTLV-III but did not react with proteins of HTLV-I or HTLV-II infected cells.
SPECIFIC DISCLOSURE
As has been mentioned above, an aneuploid HT-cell line exhibited the desired prerequisites for the continuous propagation of HTLV-III. This cell line is a neoplastic aneuploid T-cell line derived from an adult patient with lymphoid leukemia, selected for its mature T-cell phenotype [OKT3.sup.+ (62%), OKT.sup.4 + (39%) and OKT8.sup.- ], as determined by cytofluorometry using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Cultures of these cells are routinely maintained in RPMI/1640 with 20% fetal calf serum and antibiotics. These cultures are shown in Example 1, Table 1. Clone H9 is preferred, with Clone H4 being secondarily preferred.
HTLV-III culture fluids are isolated from cultured cells of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Peripheral blood leukocytes from these patients are banded in Ficoll-Hypaque, incubated in growth media (RPMI 1640, 20% fetal bovine serum 0.29 mg/ml glutamine) containing 5 .mu.g/ml phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) for 48 hours, at 37.degree. C. in a 5% CO.sub.2 atmosphere. The leukocytes are then refed with growth medium containing 10% purified T cell growth factor (TCGF); optionally, some of the cells also received rabbit antibody to alpha interferon. Cells and growth media from these lymphocytes are then assayed for the presence of HTLV subgroups I-III. Samples exhibiting more than one of the following were considered positive: repeated detection of a Mg.sup.++ dependent reverse transcriptase activity in supernatant fluids; virus observed by electron microscopy; intracellular expression of virus-related antigens detected with antibodies from sero-positive donors or with hyperimmune serum; or transmission of particles, detected by reverse transcriptase assays or by electron microscopic observation, to fresh human cord blood, bone marrow, or peripheral blood T-lymphocytes. All isolates not classified as either HTLV-I or HTLV-II by immunological or nucleic acid analysis were classified as HTLV-III. The cells in the HTLV-III producing cell cultures, characterized using established immunological procedures, are predominantly T-lymphocytes (E rosette receptor, OKT/3 and Leu/1 positive, with a T4 phenotype (OKT4, leu 3a positive). This process is also described by Gallo, et al., in Science, 220:865-867 (1983).
The infection of parental HT cells as well as other cloned cell populations occurs by exposure of these cells to concentrated or nonconcentrated culture fluids (cell-free infection) from T-cell cultures from AIDS or pre-AIDS patients, or by cocultivation; that is, HT cells are infected by exposure to HTLV-III containing cultures. The usual cell-free infection procedure is as follows: 2 to 5.times.10.sup.6 cells are treated with polybrene (2 .mu.g/ml) or DEAE dextran for 30 minutes in CO.sub.2 incubator at 37.degree. C., and then exposed to the virus inoculum (0.1 to 1 ml) for one hour in the incubator (CO.sub.2 /37.degree. C.). The cells are kept in suspension by shaking at regular intervals. After one hour of incubation a regular growth medium is added. The positivity of infected cultures for HTLV-III is assessed after one, two, and three weeks of cultivation.
The infection of HT cells (clones) is also obtained by cocultivation procedure--HT cells are mixed in various proportions (usually 1:5) with short- term cultured T-cells (about 5 to 20 days) from AIDS or pre-AIDS patients. The positivity for HTLV-III was scored by the detection of viral antigens or viral nucleic acid sequences in the infected recipient cells at various intervals (7, 14, 21 days, etc.) after cocultivation. The mixed cultures are maintained in growth medium for several months.
EXAMPLE 1
As shown in Table 1 below, single cell HT clones were isolated as described by Popovic, et al., in Neoplasma, 18:257 (1971), and Bach, et al., Immunol. Rev., 54:5 (1981) from a long-term cultured aneuploid HT-cell line exhibiting mature T-cell phenotype (OKT3.sup.+ [62%], OKT4.sup.+ [39%] and OKT8.sup.-) as determined by cytofluorometry using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The cultures were routinely maintained in RPMI/1640 with 20% fetal calf serum and antibiotics. The terminal cell density of the parental cell culture, seeded at a concentration of 2.times.10.sup.5 cells/milliliter of culture media, was in the range 10.sup.6 -1.5.times.10.sup.6 cells/ml after 5 days of culture.
For detection of multinucleated cells, cell smears were prepared from cultures 6 and 14 days after infection and stained with Wright-Giemsa. Cells having more than 5 nuclei were considered as multi-nucleated cells. Cloned cells from uninfected cultures also contained some multi-nucleated giant cells as well; however, the arrangement of multiple nuclei in a characteristic ring formation was lacking and the number of these cells was much less (0.7% to 10%).
Immunofluorescence positive cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and resuspended in the same buffer at concentration 10.sup.6 cells per milliliter. Approximately 50 .lambda. of cell suspension were spotted on slides, air dried, and fixed in acetone for 10 min. at room temperature. Slides were stored at -20.degree. C. until use. Twenty microliters of either hyperimmune rabbit antiserum to HTLV-III (diluted 1/2000 in PBS) or serum from the patient (E.T.) diluted 1/8 in PBS was applied to cells and incubated for 50 min. at 37.degree. C. The fluorescein-conjugated antiserum to rabbit or human immunogloblin G was diluted and applied to the fixed cells for 30 min. at room temperature. Slides then were washed extensively before microscopic examinations. The uninfected parental cell line as well as the clones were consistently negative in these assays.
To determine reverse transcriptase activity, virus particles were precipitated from cell-free supernatant as follows: 0.4 ml of 4M NaCl and 3.6 ml of 30% (wt/vol.) polyethylene glycol (Carbowax 6000) were added to 8 ml of harvested culture fluids and the suspension was placed on ice overnight. The suspension was centrifuged in a Sorvall RC-3 centrifuge at 2000 rpm at 4.degree. C. for 30 min. The precipitate was resuspended in 300 .mu.l at 50% (vol/vol) glycerol (25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5/5 mM dithiothreitol/150 mM KCl/0.025% Triton X-100. Particles were disrupted by addition of 100 .mu.l of 0.9% Triton X-100/1.5M KCl. Reverse transcriptase (RT) assays were performed as described by Poiesz, et al., Proc Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 77:7415 (1980) and expressed in cpm per milliliter culture medium.
TABLE 1 __________________________________________________________________________ Response of Cloned T-Cell Populations to HTLV-III Infection Clones Characteristics H3 H4 H6 H9 H17 H31 H35 H38 __________________________________________________________________________ Total cell number (.times. 10.sup.6) 6 days after infection 1 1.5 1.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 1.8 14 days after infection 2.2 7.3 7.5 10.0 4.7 5.0 4.5 3.2 Multinucleated cells (%) 6 days after infection 24 42 32 7 13 14 30 45 14 days after infection 45 48 45 30 22 45 60 60 Immunofluorescence positive cells (%) 6 days after infection Rabbit antiserum to HTLV-III 55 56 32 32 39 21 10 87 Patient serum (E.T.) 56 29 21 ND ND ND ND 73 14 days after infection Rabbit antiserum to HTLV-III 50 74 60 97 71 40 20 80 Patient serum 45 47 56 78 61 43 22 89 Reverse transcriptase activity (.times. 10.sup.4 cpm/ml) 6 days after infection 2.4 1.8 2.1 4.1 2.6 1.4 1.7 2.5 14 days after infection 16.2 18.1 16.1 20.2 17.1 13.4 15.1 18.2 __________________________________________________________________________ ND = not done
EXAMPLE 2
As shown in Table 2 below, cocultivation with H4 recipient T-cell clone was performed with fresh mononuclear cells from peripheral blood of patients RF and SN, respectively. In the case of patients BK and LS cocultivation was performed with T-cells grown in the presence of exogenous TCGF (10% V/V) for 10 days. The ratio recipient/donor (patients') cells was 1:5. The mixed cultures were maintained in RPMI/1640 (20% FCS and antibiotics) in the absence of exogenous TCGF. Cell-free infection of H9 T-cell clone was performed using concentrated culture fluids harvested from T-cell cultures of the patient WT. The T-cell cultures were grown in the presence of exogenous TCGF for two weeks before the culture fluids were harvested and concentrated. Cells of H9 clones were pretreated with polybrene (2 .mu.g/ml) for 20 min. and 2.times.10.sup.6 cells were exposed for one hr. to 0.5 ml of 100-fold concentrated culture fluids positive for particulate RT activity.
HTLV-III virus expression in both cocultured and cell-free infected cell cultures were assayed approximately one month after in vitro cultivation. There was considerable fluctuation in HTLV-III expression (see Table 2). For details of both reverse transcriptase (RT) assays and indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFA) see Example 1.
TABLE 2 __________________________________________________________________________ Isolation of HTLV-III from Patients with Pre-AIDS and AIDS Virus Expression IFA with RT Activity Rabbit Serum Human Serum (ET) Patient Diagnosis Origin (.times. 10 cpm) (% Positive) (% Positive) EM __________________________________________________________________________ RF AIDS Haiti 0.25 80 33 ND (heterosexual) SN Hemophiliac U.S. 6.3 10 ND + (lymphadenopathy) BK AIDS U.S. 0.24 44 5 + (homosexual) LS AIDS U.S. 0.13 64 19 + (homosexual) WT Hemophiliac U.S. 3.2 69 ND ND (lymphadenopathy) __________________________________________________________________________ RT = reverse transcriptase IFA = immunofluorescence assays EM = electron microscopy ND = not done
EXAMPLE 3
To select for high permissiveness for HTLV-III and to preserve permanent growth and continuous production of virus, extensive cloning of the HT parental T-cell population was performed. A total of 51 single-cell clones was obtained by both capillary and limited dilution techniques using irradiated mononuclear cells from peripheral blood of a healthy donor as a feeder. The growth of these cell clones was compared after HTLV-III infection. A representative example of response to virus infection of 8 T-cell clones which are susceptible to and permissive for HTLV-III is shown in Table 1. In parallel experiments, 2.times.10.sup.6 cells of each T-cell clone were exposed to 0.1 ml of concentrated virus. Then cell growth and morphology, expression of cellular viral antigen(s), and RT activity in culture fluids were assessed 6 and 14 days after infection. Although all 8 clones were susceptible to and permissive for the virus, there were considerable differences in their ability to proliferate after infection. The cell number decreased by 10% to 90% from the initial cell count within 6 days after infection, and a high proportion of multinucleated (giant) cells were consistently found in all 8 infected clones. The percentage of T-cells positive for viral antigen(s) determined by immunofluorescent assays with serum from AIDS patient (E.T.) and with hyperimmune rabbit serum raised against the whole disrupted HTLV-III ranged from 10% to over 80%. Fourteen days after infection, the total cell number and the proportion of HTLV-III positive cells increased in all 8 clones. The virus positive cultures consistently showed round giant cells which contained numerous nuclei. These multinucleataed giant cells are similar to those induced by HTLV-I and HTLV-II except that the nuclei exhibit a characteristic ring formation. Electron microscopic examinations showed that the cells released considerable amounts of virus.
EXAMPLE 4
To determine whether HTLV-III is continuously produced by the infected T-cells in long-term cultures, both virus production and cell viability of the infected clone, H4, were followed for several months. Although the virus production fluctuated, culture fluids harvested from the H4/HTLV-III cell cultures at approximately 14-day intervals consistently exhibited particulate RT activity which has been followed for over 5 months. The viability of the cells ranged from 65% to 85% and doubling time of the cell population, which is called H4/HTLV-III, was approximately 30-40 hours. Thus, this permanently growing T-cell population can continuously produce HTLV-III.
The yield of virus produced by H4/HTLV-III cells was assessed by purification of concentrated culture fluids through a sucrose density gradient and assays of particulate RT activity in each fraction collected from the gradient. The highest RT activity was found at density 1.16 g/ml, similar to other retroviruses.
Gallo , et al. March 3, 1987
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Method of continuous production of retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS
Abstract
A cell system is disclosed for the reproducible detection and isolation of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-family) with cytopathic effects (HTLV-III) from patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), pre-AIDS and in healthy carriers. One neoplastic aneuploid T-cell line derived from an adult with lymphoid leukemia, and termed HT, was susceptible to infection with the new variants of HTLV, which are transformed and providing T-cell populations which are highly susceptible and permissive from HTLV-III, and convenience for large scale production, isolation and biological detection of the virus.
________________________________________
Inventors: Gallo; Robert C. (Bethesda, MD), Popovic; Mikulas (Bethesda, MD)
Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health (Washington, DC)
[*] Notice: The portion of the term of this patent subsequent to May 28, 2002 has been disclaimed.
Appl. No.: 06/602,946
Filed: April 23, 1984
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Current U.S. Class: 435/239 ; 424/208.1; 435/235.1; 435/372.3; 435/948
Current International Class: C12N 5/06 (20060101); C12N 7/00 (20060101); C12N 007/02 (); C12N 007/00 (); C12N 005/00 (); C12R 001/91 ()
Field of Search: 435/235,239,240,948,5,29 424/89 128/1T
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References Cited [Referenced By]
________________________________________
U.S. Patent Documents
4464465
August 1984 Lostrom et al.
4520113
May 1985 Gallo et al.
Other References
Popovic et al, Science, 224(4648):497-500, May 4, 1984. .
Gallo et al, "Isolation of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)", Science, 220, pp. 865-867 (5-1983). .
Barre-Sinoussi et al, "Isolation of a T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus from a Patient at Risk for AIDS", Science, 220, pp. 868-871 (5-1983). .
Marx, "Strong New Candidate for AIDS Agent", Science, 224, pp. 475-477 (5-1984)..
Primary Examiner: Warren; Charles F.
Assistant Examiner: Tarcza; John Edward
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Roberts, Jr.; John S.
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Claims
________________________________________
We claim:
1. A method for continuous production of HTLV-III virus which comprises infecting in cell culture highly susceptible, permissive cells consisting of a neoplastic aneuploid HT-cell line with said virus, said cells preserve the capacity for permanent growth after the infection with said virus, growing said cells under conditions suitable for cell growth and recovering said virus produced by said cells.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said virus consists of cytopathic variants of HTLV.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said infecting comprises cocultivating said virus with said cells to produce a cell line and recovering said cell line.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said infecting comprises cell-free infection of said cells with said virus.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said cells are neoplastic aneuploid T-cells derived from an adult with lymphoid leukemia.
6. A process for the continuous production of HTLV-III virus which comprises cocultivating said virus with a target HT-cell to produce an infected cell line, growing said cell line and recovering said virus from supernatants produced by said cell line.
7. The process of claim 6 wherein said target T-cell is a neoplastic aneuploid T-cell susceptible to infection with HTLV-III.
8. A process for the continual production of HTLV-III by infecting T-cells in cultures which comprises cocultivating HTLV-III virus with an HT-clone to produce an infected cell line, said clone being an aneuploid T-cell line derived from lymphoid leukemia, growing said cell line and recovering said virus from supernatants produced by said cell line.
9. The process in claim 8 wherein said clone is a mature T-cell phenotype of OKT3.sup.+ (62%), OKT4.sup.+ (39%) and OKT8.sup.-.
10. A method of producing a cell line containing an antigen of HTLV-III which comprises infecting an HT-cell line derived from lymphoid leukemia and susceptible to infection with HTLV-III, said cell line is capable of continuous large-scale production of HTLV-III, and growing the infected cell line under conditions suitable for growth.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein said cell line is a neoplastic aneuploid T-cell line.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein said HTLV-III are variants of human T-lymphotropic retrovirus, exhibit cytopathic effects and are non-transforming.
13. A cell line containing HTLV-III designated H9/HTLV-III.sub.B, ATCC Accession CRL 8543.
14. A process for producing a cell line H9/HTLV-III.sub.B which comprises infecting a target T-cell with HTLV-III virus to produce a cell line and recovering same, said infecting process overcomes the normal cytopathic effect of HTLV-III and preserves the immortal growth capacity of the target cell.
15. An HT cell line permanently infected with HTLV-III virus, wherein said cell line continually produces said virus.
________________________________________
Description
________________________________________
The present invention describes a cell system for the reproducible detection and isolation of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-family) with cytopathic or cell killing effects (HTLV-III) from patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), pre-AIDS and in healthy carriers. One neoplastic aneuploid T-cell line derived from an adult with lymphoid leukemia, and termed HT, was susceptible to infection with the new variants of HTLV, providing T-cell populations which are highly susceptible and permissive for HTLV-III, and convenience for large scale production, isolation, and biological detection of the virus.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The disclosure of this invention is contained in the following journal articles: Gallo et al., "Detection, Isolation, and Continuous Production of Cytopathic Human T-Lymphotropic Retroviruses (HTLV-III) from Patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS," Science, in press; and Gallo et al., "Human T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus, HTLV-III, Isolated from AIDS Patients and Donors at Risk for AIDS," in press.
Epidemiologic data strongly suggest that acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by an infectious agent which is apparently horizontally transmitted by intimate contact or blood products. Though the disease is manifested by opportunistic infections, predominantly Pneumocystis carcinii pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma, the underlying disorder affects the patient's cell-mediated immunity with absolute lymphopenia and reduced helper T-lymphocyte (OKT4.sup.+) subpopulation(s). Moreover, before a complete clinical manifestation of the disease occurs, its prodrome, pre-AIDS, is frequently characterized by unexplained chronical lymphadenopathy and/or leukopenia involving a helper T cell subset. This leads to the severe immune deficiency of the patient, suggesting that a specific subset of T-cells is the primary target for an infectious agent. Although patients with AIDS or pre-AIDS are often chronically infected with cytomegalovirus or hepatitis B virus, for various reasons these appear to be opportunistic or coincidental infections apparently not linked to the immunological response deficiency. It is believed that the cause of AIDS may be a virus from the family of human T-cell lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV) which, prior to the present invention, comprised two major well characterized subgroups of human retroviruses, called human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma viruses, HTLV-I and HTLV-II. The most common isolate, HTLV-I, is mainly obtained from patients with mature T-cell malignancies. Seroepidemiological studies, in vitro biological effects, and nucleic acid hybridization data indicate that HTLV-I is etiologically associated with these malignancies, affecting adults primarily in the south of Japan, the Caribbean and Africa. HTLV of subgroup II (HTLV-II) was first isolated from a patient with a T-cell variant of hairy cell leukemia. To date, this is the only reported isolate of HTLV-II from a patient with a neoplastic disease. Virus isolation and seroepidemiological data show that HTLV of both subgroups can sometimes be found in patients with AIDS.
Evidence suggests that the retrovirus(es) of the HTLV family is an etiological agent of AIDS based on the following: (1) there is precedence for an animal retrovirus cause of immune deficiency (feline leukemia virus in cats); (2) retroviruses of the HTLV family are T-cell tropic; (3) they preferentially infect "helper" T-cells (OKT4.sup.+); (4) they have cytopathic effects on various human and mammalian cells as demonstrated by their induction of cell syncytia formation; (5) they can alter some T-cell functions; (6) in some cases infection may result in selective T-cell killing; and (7) they are transmitted by intimate contact or through blood products. The presence of antibodies directed to cell membrane antigens of HTLV infected cells has been shown in sera of more than 40% of patients with AIDS [Essex et al., Science, 220:859 (1983)]. This antigen has since been defined as part of the envelope of HTLV [Schupbach, et al., Science, in press; and Lee, et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., in press].
The original detection and isolation of the various HTLV isolates were made possible by two earlier developments: the discovery of T-cell growth factor (TCGF), also called Interleukin 2 (Il-2), which enabled the routine selective growth of different subsets of normal and neoplastic mature T-cells [Ruscetti, et al., J. Immunol., 119:131 (1977); and Poiesz, et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 77:6134 (1980)] and the development of sensitive assays for detection of retroviruses based on reverse transcriptase assays. The methods of HTLV isolation and transmission involved a cocultivation procedure using permissive T-cells for the virus. The use of normal human T-cells in cocultivation experiments preferentially yielded HTLV of both subgroups with immortalizing (transforming) capability for some of the target T-cells.
However, HTLV variants (now termed HTLV-III), lack immortalizing properties for normal T-cells and mainly exhibit cytopathic effects on the T-cells and is now believed to be the cause of AIDS. In fact, such variants were frequently but only transiently detected using these normal T-cells as targets in cocultivation or cell-free transmission experiments. The cytopathic effect was overcome by finding a highly susceptible, permissive cell for cytopathic variants of HTLV, thus preserving the capacity for permanent growth after infection with the virus. The present invention discloses the identification and characterization of this new immortalized T-cell population and its use in the isolation and continuous high- level production of such viruses from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS.
Early experiments identified one neoplastic aneuploid T-cell line, termed HT, derived from an adult with lymphoid leukemia, that was susceptible to infection with the new cytopathic virus isolates.
This cell line is a sensitive target for transmission of these virus isolates (HTLV-III) and it allows continuous large-scale virus production and development of specific immunologic reagents and nucleic acid probes useful for comparison of these new isolates among themselves and with HTLV-I and HTLV-II. In addition to their differences in biological effects that distinguish them from HTLV-I and HTLV-II, HTLV-III also differs from these known HTLV subgroups in several immunological assays and in morphology. However, these new retroviruses are T4 lymphotropic and exhibit many properties similar to HTLV-I and II, including similar properties of the reverse transcriptase, cross reactivity of structural proteins as determined by heterologous competition radioimmune assays with patients' sera and with animal hyperimmune sera, and induction of syncytia. These new retrovirus isolates are collectively designated HTLV-III, together with detectable differences in some of their proteins and genetic information, HTLV-III's ability to kill T-cells clearly separates these variants from other members of the HTLV family.
STATEMENT OF DEPOSIT
A cell line corresponding to the present invention, and denoted H9/HTLV-III.sub.B, has been deposited in the ATCC (under ATCC No. CRL 8543) on April 19, 1984, prior to the filing of this patent application. This deposit assures permanence of the deposit and ready accessibility thereto by the public. H9 is a representative and preferred cell line in accordance with the invention.
UTILITY STATEMENT
The cell line which is a product of the present invention (H9/HTLV-III.sub.B) is presently useful for the production of vaccines for the relief of AIDS and for the detection of antibodies to the virus in blood samples.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
A susceptible cell line HT was tested for HTLV before in vitro infection and it was negative by all criteria, including lack of proviral sequences. Continuous production of HTLV-III is obtained after repeated exposure of parental HT cells (3.times.10.sup.6 cells pretreated with polybrene) to concentrated culture fluids containing HTLV-III harvested from short term cultured T-cells (grown with TCGF) which originated from patients with pre-AIDS or AIDS. The concentrated fluids were first shown to contain particle associated reverse transcriptase (RT). When cell proliferation declined, usually 10 to 20 days after exposure to the culture fluids, the fresh (uninfected) HT parental cells are added to cultures. Culture fluids from the infected parental cell line was positive for particulate RT activity and about 20% of the infected cell population was positive in an indirect immune fluorescent assay (IFA) using serum from a hemophilia patient with pre-AIDS (patient E.T.). Serum from E.T. also contained antibodies to proteins of disrupted HTLV-III but did not react with proteins of HTLV-I or HTLV-II infected cells.
SPECIFIC DISCLOSURE
As has been mentioned above, an aneuploid HT-cell line exhibited the desired prerequisites for the continuous propagation of HTLV-III. This cell line is a neoplastic aneuploid T-cell line derived from an adult patient with lymphoid leukemia, selected for its mature T-cell phenotype [OKT3.sup.+ (62%), OKT.sup.4 + (39%) and OKT8.sup.- ], as determined by cytofluorometry using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Cultures of these cells are routinely maintained in RPMI/1640 with 20% fetal calf serum and antibiotics. These cultures are shown in Example 1, Table 1. Clone H9 is preferred, with Clone H4 being secondarily preferred.
HTLV-III culture fluids are isolated from cultured cells of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Peripheral blood leukocytes from these patients are banded in Ficoll-Hypaque, incubated in growth media (RPMI 1640, 20% fetal bovine serum 0.29 mg/ml glutamine) containing 5 .mu.g/ml phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) for 48 hours, at 37.degree. C. in a 5% CO.sub.2 atmosphere. The leukocytes are then refed with growth medium containing 10% purified T cell growth factor (TCGF); optionally, some of the cells also received rabbit antibody to alpha interferon. Cells and growth media from these lymphocytes are then assayed for the presence of HTLV subgroups I-III. Samples exhibiting more than one of the following were considered positive: repeated detection of a Mg.sup.++ dependent reverse transcriptase activity in supernatant fluids; virus observed by electron microscopy; intracellular expression of virus-related antigens detected with antibodies from sero-positive donors or with hyperimmune serum; or transmission of particles, detected by reverse transcriptase assays or by electron microscopic observation, to fresh human cord blood, bone marrow, or peripheral blood T-lymphocytes. All isolates not classified as either HTLV-I or HTLV-II by immunological or nucleic acid analysis were classified as HTLV-III. The cells in the HTLV-III producing cell cultures, characterized using established immunological procedures, are predominantly T-lymphocytes (E rosette receptor, OKT/3 and Leu/1 positive, with a T4 phenotype (OKT4, leu 3a positive). This process is also described by Gallo, et al., in Science, 220:865-867 (1983).
The infection of parental HT cells as well as other cloned cell populations occurs by exposure of these cells to concentrated or nonconcentrated culture fluids (cell-free infection) from T-cell cultures from AIDS or pre-AIDS patients, or by cocultivation; that is, HT cells are infected by exposure to HTLV-III containing cultures. The usual cell-free infection procedure is as follows: 2 to 5.times.10.sup.6 cells are treated with polybrene (2 .mu.g/ml) or DEAE dextran for 30 minutes in CO.sub.2 incubator at 37.degree. C., and then exposed to the virus inoculum (0.1 to 1 ml) for one hour in the incubator (CO.sub.2 /37.degree. C.). The cells are kept in suspension by shaking at regular intervals. After one hour of incubation a regular growth medium is added. The positivity of infected cultures for HTLV-III is assessed after one, two, and three weeks of cultivation.
The infection of HT cells (clones) is also obtained by cocultivation procedure--HT cells are mixed in various proportions (usually 1:5) with short- term cultured T-cells (about 5 to 20 days) from AIDS or pre-AIDS patients. The positivity for HTLV-III was scored by the detection of viral antigens or viral nucleic acid sequences in the infected recipient cells at various intervals (7, 14, 21 days, etc.) after cocultivation. The mixed cultures are maintained in growth medium for several months.
EXAMPLE 1
As shown in Table 1 below, single cell HT clones were isolated as described by Popovic, et al., in Neoplasma, 18:257 (1971), and Bach, et al., Immunol. Rev., 54:5 (1981) from a long-term cultured aneuploid HT-cell line exhibiting mature T-cell phenotype (OKT3.sup.+ [62%], OKT4.sup.+ [39%] and OKT8.sup.-) as determined by cytofluorometry using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The cultures were routinely maintained in RPMI/1640 with 20% fetal calf serum and antibiotics. The terminal cell density of the parental cell culture, seeded at a concentration of 2.times.10.sup.5 cells/milliliter of culture media, was in the range 10.sup.6 -1.5.times.10.sup.6 cells/ml after 5 days of culture.
For detection of multinucleated cells, cell smears were prepared from cultures 6 and 14 days after infection and stained with Wright-Giemsa. Cells having more than 5 nuclei were considered as multi-nucleated cells. Cloned cells from uninfected cultures also contained some multi-nucleated giant cells as well; however, the arrangement of multiple nuclei in a characteristic ring formation was lacking and the number of these cells was much less (0.7% to 10%).
Immunofluorescence positive cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and resuspended in the same buffer at concentration 10.sup.6 cells per milliliter. Approximately 50 .lambda. of cell suspension were spotted on slides, air dried, and fixed in acetone for 10 min. at room temperature. Slides were stored at -20.degree. C. until use. Twenty microliters of either hyperimmune rabbit antiserum to HTLV-III (diluted 1/2000 in PBS) or serum from the patient (E.T.) diluted 1/8 in PBS was applied to cells and incubated for 50 min. at 37.degree. C. The fluorescein-conjugated antiserum to rabbit or human immunogloblin G was diluted and applied to the fixed cells for 30 min. at room temperature. Slides then were washed extensively before microscopic examinations. The uninfected parental cell line as well as the clones were consistently negative in these assays.
To determine reverse transcriptase activity, virus particles were precipitated from cell-free supernatant as follows: 0.4 ml of 4M NaCl and 3.6 ml of 30% (wt/vol.) polyethylene glycol (Carbowax 6000) were added to 8 ml of harvested culture fluids and the suspension was placed on ice overnight. The suspension was centrifuged in a Sorvall RC-3 centrifuge at 2000 rpm at 4.degree. C. for 30 min. The precipitate was resuspended in 300 .mu.l at 50% (vol/vol) glycerol (25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5/5 mM dithiothreitol/150 mM KCl/0.025% Triton X-100. Particles were disrupted by addition of 100 .mu.l of 0.9% Triton X-100/1.5M KCl. Reverse transcriptase (RT) assays were performed as described by Poiesz, et al., Proc Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 77:7415 (1980) and expressed in cpm per milliliter culture medium.
TABLE 1 __________________________________________________________________________ Response of Cloned T-Cell Populations to HTLV-III Infection Clones Characteristics H3 H4 H6 H9 H17 H31 H35 H38 __________________________________________________________________________ Total cell number (.times. 10.sup.6) 6 days after infection 1 1.5 1.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.5 1.8 14 days after infection 2.2 7.3 7.5 10.0 4.7 5.0 4.5 3.2 Multinucleated cells (%) 6 days after infection 24 42 32 7 13 14 30 45 14 days after infection 45 48 45 30 22 45 60 60 Immunofluorescence positive cells (%) 6 days after infection Rabbit antiserum to HTLV-III 55 56 32 32 39 21 10 87 Patient serum (E.T.) 56 29 21 ND ND ND ND 73 14 days after infection Rabbit antiserum to HTLV-III 50 74 60 97 71 40 20 80 Patient serum 45 47 56 78 61 43 22 89 Reverse transcriptase activity (.times. 10.sup.4 cpm/ml) 6 days after infection 2.4 1.8 2.1 4.1 2.6 1.4 1.7 2.5 14 days after infection 16.2 18.1 16.1 20.2 17.1 13.4 15.1 18.2 __________________________________________________________________________ ND = not done
EXAMPLE 2
As shown in Table 2 below, cocultivation with H4 recipient T-cell clone was performed with fresh mononuclear cells from peripheral blood of patients RF and SN, respectively. In the case of patients BK and LS cocultivation was performed with T-cells grown in the presence of exogenous TCGF (10% V/V) for 10 days. The ratio recipient/donor (patients') cells was 1:5. The mixed cultures were maintained in RPMI/1640 (20% FCS and antibiotics) in the absence of exogenous TCGF. Cell-free infection of H9 T-cell clone was performed using concentrated culture fluids harvested from T-cell cultures of the patient WT. The T-cell cultures were grown in the presence of exogenous TCGF for two weeks before the culture fluids were harvested and concentrated. Cells of H9 clones were pretreated with polybrene (2 .mu.g/ml) for 20 min. and 2.times.10.sup.6 cells were exposed for one hr. to 0.5 ml of 100-fold concentrated culture fluids positive for particulate RT activity.
HTLV-III virus expression in both cocultured and cell-free infected cell cultures were assayed approximately one month after in vitro cultivation. There was considerable fluctuation in HTLV-III expression (see Table 2). For details of both reverse transcriptase (RT) assays and indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFA) see Example 1.
TABLE 2 __________________________________________________________________________ Isolation of HTLV-III from Patients with Pre-AIDS and AIDS Virus Expression IFA with RT Activity Rabbit Serum Human Serum (ET) Patient Diagnosis Origin (.times. 10 cpm) (% Positive) (% Positive) EM __________________________________________________________________________ RF AIDS Haiti 0.25 80 33 ND (heterosexual) SN Hemophiliac U.S. 6.3 10 ND + (lymphadenopathy) BK AIDS U.S. 0.24 44 5 + (homosexual) LS AIDS U.S. 0.13 64 19 + (homosexual) WT Hemophiliac U.S. 3.2 69 ND ND (lymphadenopathy) __________________________________________________________________________ RT = reverse transcriptase IFA = immunofluorescence assays EM = electron microscopy ND = not done
EXAMPLE 3
To select for high permissiveness for HTLV-III and to preserve permanent growth and continuous production of virus, extensive cloning of the HT parental T-cell population was performed. A total of 51 single-cell clones was obtained by both capillary and limited dilution techniques using irradiated mononuclear cells from peripheral blood of a healthy donor as a feeder. The growth of these cell clones was compared after HTLV-III infection. A representative example of response to virus infection of 8 T-cell clones which are susceptible to and permissive for HTLV-III is shown in Table 1. In parallel experiments, 2.times.10.sup.6 cells of each T-cell clone were exposed to 0.1 ml of concentrated virus. Then cell growth and morphology, expression of cellular viral antigen(s), and RT activity in culture fluids were assessed 6 and 14 days after infection. Although all 8 clones were susceptible to and permissive for the virus, there were considerable differences in their ability to proliferate after infection. The cell number decreased by 10% to 90% from the initial cell count within 6 days after infection, and a high proportion of multinucleated (giant) cells were consistently found in all 8 infected clones. The percentage of T-cells positive for viral antigen(s) determined by immunofluorescent assays with serum from AIDS patient (E.T.) and with hyperimmune rabbit serum raised against the whole disrupted HTLV-III ranged from 10% to over 80%. Fourteen days after infection, the total cell number and the proportion of HTLV-III positive cells increased in all 8 clones. The virus positive cultures consistently showed round giant cells which contained numerous nuclei. These multinucleataed giant cells are similar to those induced by HTLV-I and HTLV-II except that the nuclei exhibit a characteristic ring formation. Electron microscopic examinations showed that the cells released considerable amounts of virus.
EXAMPLE 4
To determine whether HTLV-III is continuously produced by the infected T-cells in long-term cultures, both virus production and cell viability of the infected clone, H4, were followed for several months. Although the virus production fluctuated, culture fluids harvested from the H4/HTLV-III cell cultures at approximately 14-day intervals consistently exhibited particulate RT activity which has been followed for over 5 months. The viability of the cells ranged from 65% to 85% and doubling time of the cell population, which is called H4/HTLV-III, was approximately 30-40 hours. Thus, this permanently growing T-cell population can continuously produce HTLV-III.
The yield of virus produced by H4/HTLV-III cells was assessed by purification of concentrated culture fluids through a sucrose density gradient and assays of particulate RT activity in each fraction collected from the gradient. The highest RT activity was found at density 1.16 g/ml, similar to other retroviruses.
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